摘要
我国北方土石山区的地形特点是土层薄、坡长坡陡、波状起伏、以坡耕地水土流失为主。该区水土流失严重,侵蚀沟道密集,对当地和下游造成严重的水土流失问题。为解决波状坡耕地水土流失的治理问题,针对波状坡耕地形态特征和水土流失特点,设计波状坡耕地拦挡淀排技术,并将其布设于野外径流小区进行观测。结果表明:1)拦挡淀排技术对波状坡耕地削流和减蚀作用均有较好的效果,2年平均的削流率和减蚀率分别为53.72%和87.21%,该技术对于各种类型的降雨均有较好的坡面削流效果,该措施的排水系统表现出可靠性和稳定性。2)通过对不同类型的降雨造成的径流量分析,拦挡淀排技术对波状坡耕地的径流调控率在降雨强度较大的情况下能发挥出较好的效果。通过趋势线分析,对照小区的产沙量与降雨量间的直线斜率大于措施小区(趋势线接近水平),说明拦挡淀排措施下不同降雨量产生的泥沙量都很小,拦挡淀排技术减沙效果显著。3)通过对次降雨资料分析表明,措施小区泥沙侵蚀量均远小于对照小区。波状坡耕地的年泥沙侵蚀量主要是由几场大暴雨引起的,拦挡淀排技术在大暴雨情况下也有显著的减蚀效果。通过添加趋势线分析发现措施小区泥沙侵蚀量与降雨量,降雨强度和I30之间均没有良好的线性关系,措施小区泥沙侵蚀量受降雨量,降雨强度和I30的共同影响。在雨季,措施小区泥沙侵蚀量受地表粗糙度的影响较大。4)从农作物产量来看,相同施肥条件下,拦挡淀排技术在干旱年比平水年份对作物增产的作用更明显。因此,拦挡淀排技术能够有效防治波状坡耕地水土流失,可作为一项新型坡耕地水土流失防治技术。
[ Background ] The terrain features characterized by thin soil layer, long steep slope, of the rocky mountain area in northern wave type undulating, mainly soil and water China are erosion in slope farmland. The soil erosion of this area is serious, and the erosion channels are intensive, causing serious soil and water loss to the local and downstream. [ Methods] In order to solve the soil erosion problems of wave type slope farmland, based on the morphological features of wave type slope farmland and its characteristics of soil and water loss, we designed the interception-precipitation-drainage technology on wave type slope, deployed the cells with the technology （measure cell） and contrast cell, and observed the runoff and sand output. [ Results] 1 ）The average rate of cutting flow and rate of erosion reduction on the wave type slope by interception-precipitation-drainage technology in 2 years were 53.72% and 87.21%, respectively, meaning that favorable results of both cutting flow and reducing erosion achieved. The technology presented solid cutting runoff effect on slope for all kinds of rainfall, and the drainage system of the measure cell showed feasible reliability and stability. 2） Analyzing the erosion caused by different rainfall intensity, the interception-precipitation-drainage technology on wave type slope played a better effect on the runoff regulation in large rain intensity. Through the trend line analysis, the linear slope between runoff and rainfall of the contrast cell was greater than that of measure cell （trend line close to horizontal level） , indicating that the amount of sediment produced by different rainfall was very small under the interception-precipitation-drainage technology on wave type slope, i. e. , the sediment reduction effect of the interception-precipitation-drainage technology on the wave type slope was significant. 3） According to the analysis of the data of individual rainfall, the sediment erosion amount on the measure cell was much smaller than that of the c
出处
《中国水土保持科学》
CSCD
北大核心
2016年第3期123-129,共7页
Science of Soil and Water Conservation
基金
国家科技支撑计划"农田水土保持工程与耕作关键技术研究"(2011BAD31B01)
水利部公益性行业科研专项经费项目"工程开挖面与堆积体水土流失测算技术研究"(201201048)
关键词
波状坡耕地
水土流失
削流率
减蚀率
拦挡淀排
北方土石山区
wave type slope farmland
soil erosion
rate of cutting flow
rate of erosion reduction
interception-preciptation-drainage
northern rocky mountain area
