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饮水暴露六价铬对人群健康的危害分析 被引量:11

Health hazards of hexavalent chromium in drinking water
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摘要 目的了解西部某县长期饮水暴露六价铬(Cr^6+)人群的暴露水平及健康危害情况,为制定预防措施提供科学依据。方法2015年对西部某县抽取的5个水源点饮用水中Cr^6+含量进行检测。以该县近6年(2009—2014年)资料显示的12个生活饮用水Cr^6+含量超标(Cr^6+〉0.05mg/L)水源点为调查对象,从中抽取3个水源点作为暴露组,并以该县饮用水Cr^6+含量未超标(Cr^6+≤0.05mg/L)R与暴露组相邻的2个水源点作为对照组,每个水源点采集丰水期和枯水期水样各1份;每个水源点各抽取60名村民作为调查对象,进行内科、五官科和皮肤科健康体检,以及尿铬含量、血常规和尿常规检测。饮用水中Cr^6+含量测定依据《生活饮用水标准检验方法二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法》(GB/T5750—2006);尿常规采用尿十项分析仪检测;尿铬采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪测定;血常规采用全自动五分类血液分析仪检测。饮水Cr^6+含量判定依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749.2006),〉0.05mg/L为超标;体格检查以《职业性铬鼻病诊断标准》(GBZ12—2002)及《职业性接触性皮炎诊断标准》(GBZ20—2002)为参照。结果暴露组和对照组分别184、109人,暴露组饮用水中Cr^6+含量平均超标倍数为2.82~3.22;暴露组鼻中隔黏膜穿孔、皮肤红斑水肿和皮肤溃烂的患病率分别为4.9%(9/184)、4.3%(8/184)和4.3%(8/184);暴露组人群尿铬水平(0.31μg/L)显著高于对照组(0.27μg/L,Z=-4.078,P〈0.05);血常规检测中暴露组平均血红蛋白量(MCH)为(29.56±2.07)pg,血小板数(PLT)为(222.38±47.53)×10^9/L,血小板压积(PCT)为(0.25±0.05)%,均高于对照组[(29.03±2.95)pg、(211.74±75.27)×10^9/L、(0.24±0.08)%,t=1.940、2.318、2.079,P均〈0.0 Objective To learn the exposure levels and health hazards of long-term exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr^6+) through drinking water in a west county, and to provide a scientific basis for making preventive measures. Methods Five water points were selected to test the Cr^6+ concentration of drinking water in the county in 2015, data of 3 water points with water Cr^6+ concentrations exceeded the standard (Cr^6+ 〉 0.05 mg/L) were selected from 12 drinking water points in some west counties in the recent six years (2009 - 2014) as the exposed group, 2 water points that drinking water Cr^6+ concentrations not exceeded the standard (Cr^6+ ≤0.05 mg/L) in the county and adjacent to the exposed group were selected as the control group. Sixty villagers were selected as the investigation objects in each water point to conduct internal medicine, ears, nose, throat (ENT), dermatology and health examination, urinary chromium content, routine blood and urine test were done. Determination of hexavalent chromium concentration in drinking water was done according to "The Drinking Water Standard Examination Method 1,5-diphenylcarbazide Spectrophotometry" (GB/T 5750-2006); routine urine was tested using the 10 urine analyzer test; urinary chromium was tested using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer; routine blood five classification was tested using automatic blood analyzer; determination of drinking water hexavalent chromium concentration was done according to "The Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water" (GB 5749-2006). Higher than 0.05 mg/L was judged as exceeded the standard; physical examination was done according to "The Diagnostic Criteria of Occupational Chromium Nasal Disease" (GB Z12-2002) and "The Diagnostic Standard of Occupational Contact Dermatitis" (GB Z20-2002). Results There were 184 and 109 people in the exposed group and the control group, respectively. The average concentration of Cr^6+ exceeding the standard ratio was 2.82 - 3.22 i
出处 《中华地方病学杂志》 CSCD 北大核心 2016年第4期264-268,共5页 Chinese Journal of Endemiology
关键词 饮水 暴露 尿 危害 Drinking water Chromium Exposure Urine Blood Damage
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