摘要
元代江南政策的主体为"安业力农"、"重商"和重"市舶",四等人压迫和诸色户计制的嫁接推衍,则是其局部。忽必烈等实行南北异制,维持和保护了江南"富民"农商经济且有所繁荣发展。明前期卫所军户、"均工夫"配户、里甲"画地为牢"、移民徙富和抑商海禁等政策,起步和重点实施于江南且触动极大,几乎倒退至单纯自然经济状态。蒙元江南统治与宽纵豪富相"背反",官场腐败与贫富悬殊相叠加,招致经济畸形和"官逼民反"、"富逼穷反"。明初富民农商秩序破坏及户役法的南北通行,改变了近千年江南富民大地主为核心的经济结构,取而代之的是与北方相差无几的"配户当差"。元明江南社会发展,居然因宽纵豪富和管制农商二模式交替及忽必烈和朱元璋的个性,从开放繁华到锁国萧条,大起大落,而且成为14世纪中国经济由先进跌入落伍的转捩点。
The principal element in Yuan policy in the Jiangnan region south of the Yangtze was'putting effort into farming,' 'valuing commerce,' and 'valuing maritime trade.' Other transplanted or derived policies,such as the oppressive division of society into four ranks and registering households by occupation,were part of this.Thanks to the different policies implemented by Kublai Khan in the north and south,the'wealthy'in Jiangnan were preserved and protected,and the commercial and agricultural economy enjoyed a certain prosperity.The policies of the first part of the Ming Dynasty,such as military garrison lands,assignment to corvée services,the li jia(里甲)taxation and control system,the relocation of ordinary people and the rich,and curbing commerce and banning maritime trade,began and were implemented mainly in the Jiangnan region.They had a big effect on the area,which regressed to nearly a purely natural economy.Ming policy ran counter to Mongol Yuan rule in Jiangnan,with its relaxed attitude to the rich and powerful.Official corruption and the great disparity between the rich and the poor compounded to produce a distorted economy in which'official extortion drove popular rebellion,'and'the rich drove the poor to revolt.'In the early Ming,the collapse of the economic order of wealthy landowners and merchants and the tying of corvée services to the household across the country changed the Jiangnan economic structure,which had been centered on rich commoners and big landowners for nearly a thousand years,and replaced it with the policy of pei hu dang chai(配 户 当 差occupational household registration).The social development of Jiangnan during the Yuan and Ming dynasties saw a dramatic change,from a region that was open and prosperous to one that was sealed off and economically depressed,due to the intersection of the two models:a relaxed policy toward the rich and powerful as against one of tight control over agriculture.An additional factor was the personal character of Kublai Khan and Zhu Yuanzhang.The re
出处
《历史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2016年第1期40-60,191,共21页
Historical Research
基金
国家社科基金重点项目"元
明前期的江南政策与社会发展脉络"(12AZS006)阶段性成果
