摘要
作者以一个全新的审视现代化的分析框架为出发点,探讨1700—1789年间的"第一波半现代化"中法国和西班牙的现代化历程。18世纪法国和西班牙的波旁王室在战败后带来的财政危机和启蒙思想的影响下,实行自上而下的改革来谋求富国强兵之道。法国和西班牙的改革主要从政治、经济和财政三个层面进行:在政治改革中,两国试图恢复中央权威;在经济改革中,两国都一定程度地开放市场;在财政改革中,两国尝试通过向特权阶级征税和紧缩等方式渡过危机。在特权阶级的阻挠和外部环境的影响下,法国和西班牙在这三个领域的改革最终都未能成功,但是两国面临的结局又不尽相同。法国具有较强的国家能力,能够有效地动员整个国家机器去推动改革,引起了以贵族为主的既得利益者的激烈反抗,最终旧制度下的法国在王权和贵族的内耗中爆发大革命。西班牙的国家能力较弱且具有广阔的殖民地作为缓冲,因此政府缺乏足够能力与决心在本土进行强有力的变革。在贵族的阻挠下,政治、经济和财政改革很快失败。西班牙的改革者知难而退,将改革的注意力转向了殖民地,通过加强对殖民地的控制和掠夺来缓解国内的危机,最终导致了19世纪西班牙殖民帝国的崩溃。
By using a completely new analytic framework,this paper explores the modernization process of France and Spain in the so-called 'first-and-a-half wave of modernization' from 1700 to 1789.The 18 th century has witnessed the top-down Bourbon reform in France and Spain,which aimed to pursue power and plenty,in the context of the Enlightenment and fiscal crisis after several defeats.France and Spain pushed forward reforms in three aspects,namely political,economic and fiscal.Politically,these two countries tried to restore central authority;economically,they opened markets in a certain extent;fiscally,they endeavored to overcome the fiscal crisis by taxing privilege class and financial retrenchment.Unfortunately,in both countries,these reforms failed because of the obstructions from privilege classes and severe external environments.But the failures of reforms in France and Spain resulted in different endings.With a strong state capacity to mobilize the whole country,the French reform provoked resistance of the nobility based vested interests which resulted in the collapse of the ancient regime and then caused the French Revolution.By contrast,Spain lacked enough state capacity and resolve which was weakened by colonial wealth to proceed with radical reforms.After the failure of the reform in Spain,reformers tried to control and exploit the colonies as a remedy to domestic crisis.But this eventually caused the disintegration of the Spanish colonial empire in the 19 th century.
出处
《世界经济与政治》
CSSCI
北大核心
2016年第3期122-154,159-160,共33页
World Economics and Politics
关键词
改革
财政危机
利益固化
国家能力
殖民地
reform
fiscal crisis
interest solidification
state capacity
colony
