摘要
丧葬观念和丧葬礼俗有着重要的社会和文化意义,是考古学研究的重要领域。新疆史前和汉魏晋时期考古中,发现广泛存在着墓葬用火现象,这种丧葬用火现象一般被解释为火葬习俗。本文对新疆早期丧葬用火的考古材料进行了全面收集和整理,对各种用火痕迹和现象进行了具体分析和总结,发现其隐含着更为复杂的行为背景。通过对墓葬用火目的和方式的研究,认为新疆早期的墓葬用火,实际上包含三种不同类型的丧葬礼仪和习俗,即重在对死者尸体进行火化处理的火葬,做为埋葬环节的墓室焚烧和体现生死观念的墓祭行为和做为埋葬环节的墓室焚烧。它们又分别对应着不同的文化和时代背景,并且在分布上呈现一定的地域特点。火葬主要流行于青铜时代和铁器时代,其文化显示一定的安德罗诺沃文化因素,主要分布于西北边境从帕米尔至伊犁河谷至阿尔泰山一线。以火祭祀习俗分布于克里雅河上游昆仑山中的流水墓地和塔什库尔干河畔的部分战国以前墓葬。墓室焚烧习俗是继火葬习俗之后出现于丝绸之路沿线绿洲的新葬俗。
Funeral concept and custom have significant social and cultural meanings,which are important research fields in archaeology. Use of fire in funeral was commonly seen in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region during prehistoric period,Han Dynasty,and Wei and Jin Dynasties. This phenomenon was usually interpreted as cremation custom. This article comprehensively collected and compiled the archaeological materials of use of fire in funerals in the early periods of Xinjiang,so as to analyze and summarize the traces and phenomena of firing,and find deep and complicated behavior background. The author believes,through the study of purpose and methods,the use of fire in Xinjiang early burials involved three different types of funeral concept and custom: cremation to incinerate dead bodies; sacrificial ritual reflecting life and death; and burning burial chambers as a step of funeral. They respectively correspond to different cultural and historical background, and the distributions show certain regional features. Cremation was popular in Bronze and Iron Age,which showed certain Andronovo Culture factors,and distributed in the northwestern frontier along Pamir Mountains, Ili River Valley and Altai Mountains. Sacrificial use of fire was seen in the Liushui Burials in the upper reaches of the Keriya River which has its source in the Kunlun Mountains and in some of the burials before the Warring States Period close to the Taxkorgan River. Burning burial chambers was a new funeral custom appeared after cremation in the oases along the Silk Road.
出处
《西域研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2016年第1期56-65,149,共10页
The Western Regions Studies
关键词
新疆
丧葬礼俗
火葬
墓祭
安德罗诺沃文化
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
funeral custom
cremation
funeral sacrifices
Andronovo Culture
