摘要
在粗线条地介绍了政治文化研究的主题后,本文探讨了不同时期德国政治文化的特征及其形成的历史原因。马丁·路德的宗教改革给德国带来的直接后果是战乱和领土分裂,以至于德国民众从此对和平和秩序的渴望十分强烈,愿意接受极权统治,形成了臣民心态。俾斯麦的铁血政治使德国完成了民族统一,但支持这种统一的是一种缺少自由观念的民族主义的政治文化,以至于德国在第一次世界大战前未能建立现代民族国家。到了魏玛时期,因政治文化的碎片化,这一目标也未能实现。而第三帝国时期的民族社会主义的政治文化则将德国和世界引向了深重的灾难。第二次世界大战后,德国最终建立了西方式的现代民族国家,形成了认同西方自由和民主价值的政治文化。
In this article,firstly,the main topics of the Political Culture Research are presented.Further,the properties of this Political Culture and their historical reasons will be analyzed.It tries to find out that many historical events due to the Reformation of Martin Luther had caused many problems for the German People,such like the territory division and wars(above all and mainly the Thirty-Years-War),and for consequences,that the German People had for long time a very strong need for peace and order.They developed an acceptance for authoritarian government and a subordinate mentality,both for maintaining a peaceful life.The“Iron and Blood Policy”of Bismarck had success in establishing a German National State.But without the political idea of liberty and just with the Political Culture of Nationalism,this National State could not be a National State in modern sense.In the Republic of Weimar(1918—1933),Germany established a democratic State.But this democracy could just exist a very short time,because the Political Culture in Germany was fragmented.Also due to the lack of a liberal democratic Political Culture and to the rise of a Political Culture with the National-Socialist concept,the Third Empire of Hitler could conduct Germany and the world to the disaster of the World War II.Only after this War can Germany establish a modern National State and develop a Political Culture based on the liberal and democratic values.
出处
《北大政治学评论》
2018年第2期121-156,共36页
Peking University Political Science Review
基金
教育部国别研究项目“德国的政治文化研究”的结题报告。项目编号:7122700050
关键词
政治文化
臣民心态
民族主义
民族社会主义
自由
民主
Political culture
Subordinate mentality
Nationalism
Nationalsocialism
Liberty
Democracy
