摘要
政府和乡建运动者多认为农业合作社必须是完全自发的农民组织。同时,政府更认为,农业现代化必须依赖规模化的大农场。本文论证,这是当前关于农业合作化路径选择的两大盲点,既不符合经济逻辑,也与历史上人多地少小农经济现代化最成功的日本、韩国和台湾地区的历史经验相悖。东亚历史经验的成功之处正在于其把战前日本政府(或其占领下)原有的由上而下的农政,战后在美国占领或决定性影响下,其相当部分转让给农民合作组织,由此来推动由下而上的民主合作化。同时,和东亚合作化历史经验一样,中国农业需要的不是"横向一体化"的大农场,而是小农场+合作社提供的产、加、销"纵向一体化"服务,由此来克服小农户面对大市场的困境。如此的路径意味的不是如今中国偏重一己"私利"的激励机制,而是"公益"化的私利机制。这才是中国农业和农政应该做的选择。
The Chinese government and many Chinese rural reconstruction movement supporters believe that agricultural cooperatives must be entirely voluntary peasant organizations. In addition,the government further believes that agricultural modernization must be based on large- scale farms. This article demonstrates that these are the two major blind spots today in the choice of a path for China's rural development. They do not accord with economic logic,nor do they accord with the most successful examples of the modernization path for a peasant economy-- of Japan,Korea,and Taiwan. The reason for the success of the East Asian historical experience is that the pre-War top-down agricultural administration of Japan(or its occupation),under post-War U.S. occupation or its decisive influence,was in large measure turned over to peasant coops,driving thereby the bottom-up democratization of the coops. At the same time,like the East Asian experience,what China needs is not'horizontally integrated'large-scale farms,but rather small farms that are'vertically integrated'in production,processing and marketing through coops,to solve thereby the problems of the small peasant facing alone the gigantic market. What such a path of development means is not the simple'private benefit'incentive system currently in use,but rather a publicized private benefit incentive system. That is what Chinese agriculture should choose today.
出处
《开放时代》
CSSCI
北大核心
2015年第5期18-35,5,共18页
Open Times
