摘要
实验呈现了最后通牒博弈的3种分配情境：匿名者分配情境中,匿名者提出方案,且与被试分享资源,故成熟的回应者需考虑意图、相对收益和绝对收益;随机数生成器（RNG）分配情境中,无关的匿名他人与被试分享资源,故需考虑相对收益与绝对收益;计算机分配情境中,因计算机不能带走资源,故只需考虑绝对收益。实验通过分析3种分配情境下回应者对同一分配方案的拒绝情况,探讨意图、相对收益、绝对收益对公平行为的影响。结果发现：（1）年幼儿童（4-5岁）倾向于接受绝大多数分配方案;（2）年长儿童（9-11岁）在3种分配情境和多数分配方案上的拒绝率均高于其他组;（3）青少年（16-18岁）在方案2/8上的拒绝次数存在显著差异,且匿名者分配情境显著多于RNG分配情境,计算机分配情境显著多于零;在3/7方案上的拒绝次数存在显著差异,且计算机分配情境显著多于零;（4）成年人（21-24岁）在1/9和2/8方案上的拒绝次数存在显著差异,且RNG分配情境显著多于计算机分配情境,计算机分配情境显著多于零;在3/7方案上的拒绝次数具有显著差异,且匿名者分配情境显著多于RNG分配情境,计算机分配情境显著多于零。结果表明,（1）年幼儿童很难抵制绝对收益的吸引,表现最为自利;（2）年长儿童更多考虑了相对收益,能够抵制绝对收益的吸引,并开始关注提议者的意图;（3）青少年处于关注提议者意图的重要时期,主要基于意图与绝对收益进行决策;（4）成人的决策是意图、相对收益、绝对收益共同作用的结果。
Responders often refuse unfair offers at the cost of their own interests in the ultimatum game （UG）. Many theoretical and empirical studies are trying to explain this behavior in terms of intention and payoffs. Although social utility model divides payoffs into comparative ones and absolute ones that respectively represent fair tendency and self-interest tendency, few empirical researches have proved this view. Thus, the effects of intention, comparative payoffs and absolute payoffs on individual’s decision in UG were examined. Moreover, how these three factors affected the decision of responders with different ages was also investigated. It was hypothesized that： fairness in responders with different ages had different manifestation, and with the growth of the age, the factors which affected responders’ decision in UG were gradually complicated.
To study whether the effects of intention, comparative payoffs and absolute payoffs can be separated in the course of decision, 39 undergraduates and postgraduates were recruited in the first experiment. It was examined whether the rejection times of the same offer in three different conditions existed significant difference. Based on this successful separation design, the second experiment recruited thirty participants in each age group, including younger children group （4-5 years old）, older children group （9-11 years old） and teenagers group （16-18 years old）. A design of 3 （age group） ＊ 3（distribution situation） ＊ 5 （offer type） was conducted. The three distribution situations were the anonym distribution situation, the random number generator distribution situation, and the computer distribution situation. The offer types included 1/9, 2/8, 3/7, 4/6 and 5/5.
It was found that： （1） younger children tended to accept all the offers. （2） compared with other age groups, older children’ s rejection rates in three distribution situations were significantly more, so was that for most offer types. （3） teenagers’ rej
出处
《心理学报》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2015年第3期353-362,共10页
Acta Psychologica Sinica
基金
教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(14JJD190004)资助
关键词
公平
回应者
意图
相对收益
绝对收益
fairness
responder
intention
comparative payoffs
absolute payoffs
