摘要
由于化学品引发的环境事件呈上升趋势,各国政府和公众已高度关注化学品的环境风险.欧盟发布化学品监管的法规指出"没有安全数据,就没有市场"("No Data,No Market").中国也发布了《新化学物质环境管理办法》,这标志着中国化学品的环境管理由危害管理过渡到风险管理.化学品的暴露评估是环境风险评估和管理的关键.多介质环境模型是化学品环境暴露评估的简便而有效的工具之一.应用多介质环境模型,可以预测化学品在环境介质中的存在水平和分布,揭示相对重要的降解过程,估计化学品在环境中的停留时间,全面地描述化学品的环境归趋.本文概述了多介质环境模型的理论基础及发展过程,重点介绍了局部、区域及全球尺度下多介质环境模型应用于化学品暴露评估的研究进展,比对分析了化学品风险评估中常用的暴露评估软件的特征.此外,还总结了中国化学品暴露评估中多介质环境模型的应用情况,展望了多介质环境模型两种发展趋势及方向.可以预见,多介质环境模型在我国化学品环境风险评估和管理领域具有巨大的应用前景.
Governments and also the general public are concerned with the environmental risk of chemicals. The chemical authorities from the European Union and other developed countries have emphasized ＂No Data, No Markets＂. This has repercussions for China＇s industry and economic growth. Hence, China has to focus on the environmental risk management of chemicals rather than hazard management. Exposure assessment is needed for the risk assessment and management of chemicals. Multimedia environmental models are simple and effective tools for exposure assessment. They can be used to estimate the level, distribution and half-residence time of chemicals in the environment, and these models comprehensively describe the environmental fate of chemicals. In this review, the theoretical foundation and development of multimedia environmental models are introduced. The studies on multimedia environmental models used for exposure assessments of chemicals are summarized. And five widely-used environmental exposure assessment tools are compared. In addition, we discuss two opposing trends in model development. Multimedia environmental models have promising potential applications in the environmental risk assessment and management of chemicals.
出处
《科学通报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2014年第32期3130-3143,共14页
Chinese Science Bulletin
基金
国家高技术研究发展计划(2012AA06A301)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资助
关键词
化学品
风险评估
暴露评估
多介质环境模型
逸度模型
chemical
risk assessment
exposure assessment
multimedia environmental model
fugacity model
