摘要
国家起于何时?有神意论、契约论、群演论、水利论、暴力论、暴力潜能论和祭司论等多种不同的解释,可它们都存在这样那样的纰漏。而马克思主义的阶级论,其实不是关于全称国家起源的解释,而只是关于阶级性国家起源的解释。全面了解马克思主义创始人的国家思想可知,他们认为有服务性国家和统治性国家之分,前者的出现早于后者。起源和本质存在互释性,当从起源方面说不清国家起源时,不如改从确定国家本质入手。鉴于国家是特殊的社会,可说国家就是有专职公管人员和常设公管机构的社会。如是,专职公管人员和常设公管机构的出现就是国家的开端。这个开端是一种制度改革的结果,为的是解决原有的无政府的公管模式已经失灵的问题。这个问题是在社会发展到了部落联盟的规模和个体家庭变成生产经营单位之时遇到的。这说明最初的国家是服务性国家,而在它之后出现的统治性国家则缘于服务性国家的异化。
When did the state originate？ There are many different interpretations, such as, the divine theory, the contract theory, the group play theory, the water conservancy theory, the violence theory, the violence potential theory, the priests theory and so on, but they all have this or that kind of flaws. And actually the Marxist class theory is not about the explanation of the full state＇s origin, but only about the explanation of the class state＇s origin. Through a comprehensive understanding of the Marxist founders＇ state thoughts, we can know that they think there is a difference between service state and ruling state, and the former appeared earlier than the latter. As the state is a special society, it can be said that the state is a society which has fulltime public management staff and permanent public management institutions. If so, the emergence of full-time public management staff and permanent public management institutions is the beginning of the state. The beginning is the result of a reform of the system, which is to solve the existing problem of original anarchic public management mode which has failed.
出处
《华中师范大学学报（人文社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2014年第4期61-69,共9页
Journal of Central China Normal University:Humanities and Social Sciences
基金
中央高校基本科研业务费研究项目
华中科技大学自主创新研究基金项目资助的"制度在社会历史中的作用"(2011WB010)
关键词
国家起源
国家本质
专职公管人员
常设公管机构
国家异化
origin of state
state essence
full-time public management staff
permanent public management institutions
state alienation
