摘要
电子废弃物的回收处理是循环经济建设的重要方面。本文从法律体系和管理机制两方面介绍德国对家庭产生的电子废弃物回收处理的管理经验,为我国同类电子废弃物的管理提供参考。德国电子废弃物回收处理的管理目标可归纳为三方面:①从家庭产生的废物流中将电子废弃物分离出来;②推动资源再生;③控制有毒有害物质的排放,避免人体与环境健康损害。德国电子废弃物回收处理管理体系的参与者可分为七类,其责任内容如下:①政府机关,联邦级行政机关负责政策制定,有权管理生产者注册,协调与监督回收处理过程,联邦州政府负责颁布地方法规并指定公共废物管理机构;②家庭消费者负责将电子废弃物放入专门的收集容器;③分销者可自愿协助电子废弃物的回收;④公共废物管理机构负责自家庭收集电子废弃物、管理并运营收集场所,并将电子废弃物免费移交给生产者或其代理人;⑤生产者对本企业生产的电子电器设备废弃后的生命终期管理负责,重点是通过独立或联合守法机制来承担电子废弃物的转运、运输、处理与处置的责任;⑥结算机构负责协调与监控电子废弃物的流向,分配生产者的责任份额并监督;⑦处理者应确保电子废弃物的处理达到法定再循环率与回收利用率。德国电子废弃物回收处理的管理实践呈现出五方面的特点:强调物质循环的管理理念、可操作性强的法律保障、清晰的责任分工与界定、以信息流管理为基础的实施机制、重视参与者意见的交流与反馈机制。
Appropriate collection and treatment of waste electrical and electronic equipment （ hereinafter as WEEE） play a significant role in promoting circular economy in China. This article introduces the legal system and operation mechanism in Germany in managing collection and treatment of WEEE generated in households. WEEE management laws in Germany emphasized three goals： 1 ） to effectively separate WEEE from other household waste streams; 2） to promote resources recycling; 3 ） to prevent environmental and health hazards in the entire process. Seven types of participants are involved in the operation of the WEEE management system. Their responsibilities are as the following：the federal government formulates polices while state governments issue statutory ordinances and designate public waste management authorities （hereinafter as PuWaMAs ）; private households collect WEEE into specific bins; distributors collect WEEE on a voluntary base; PuWaMAs are obliged to collect WEEE from households, operate collection sites, and hand over WEEE to producers or their agents ; producers are responsible for end-of-life management of their products, mainly including WEEE take-back, transport, treatment and disposal through individual non-selective or collective take-back scheme; the clearing house is in charge of coordinating and monitoring the flow of WEEE, allocating the responsibility of each producer and supervising their compliance; treatment operators should guarantee the minimum recycling and recovery targets are met in WEEE treatment. The collection and treatment management system of WEEE in Germany are characterized by five features： focusing on promoting substance recycling, legal foundations of high practicability, elaborate stipulation of responsibilities, an implementation mechanism based on information management, and effective platform to exchange information of different participants.
出处
《中国人口·资源与环境》
CSSCI
北大核心
2014年第2期111-118,共8页
China Population,Resources and Environment
基金
国家科技支撑计划项目"废旧机电产品综合利用工业园区产业链关键技术开发及集成示范"(编号:2008BAC46B05)
关键词
德国
电子废弃物
回收
处理
管理
Germany
WEEE
collection
treatment
management
