摘要
铂族贵金属PGM(Pt,Pd和Rh)已经大量用于汽车尾气净化催化剂,随着工业的快速发展和人们对贵金属饰品需求量的增加,PGM的需求量也日益增加,报废的汽车催化剂成为了PGM最重要的二次资源,其回收利用显得尤为重要。评述了从汽车废催化剂中回收PGM的方法和技术,着重讨论了废汽车催化剂中PGM的粗提工艺,包括湿法和火法2大类,湿法有载体溶解法、活性组分溶解法、全溶法和加压氰化法,火法有等离子体熔炼法、金属捕集法、干式氯化法等,对各种方法的工艺及研究进展进行了讨论,并比较了各种方法的优缺点。湿法工艺的优点是技术简单、成本低、流程短,已经成为从汽车催化剂中回收PGM最普通的方法。湿法工艺的主要缺点是不溶渣中PGM含量仍偏高,浸出率不够稳定,回收率偏低(特别是Rh)。火法工艺的优点是处理能力大,废水废气少,PGM回收率高。但富集过程需要大量贱金属作为捕集剂,过程繁冗、投资大、能耗成本高、回收周期长,需考虑污染控制等问题。最后指出提高工艺技术水平、发展新技术、高效、环境友好是汽车催化剂回收技术的发展方向。
Platinum group metals （PGM） （Pt, Pd, Rh） were widely used in automobile catalysts. With the rapid industrial development and increasing demand for precious metal jewelry, the PGM demand increased. Scrapped automobile catalysts became the most important PGM secondary resources, so the recycling of PGM from spent automobile catalysts was particularly important. The methods of recovery of PGM from spent automobile catalysts were reviewed, including the crude extraction process, various hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods. Hydrometallurgical process included carrier dissolution, active component dissolution, total dissolution and pressure cyanidation, and pyrometallurgical process included plasma fusion, metal collection and dry chlorination. The advantages and disadvantages of these processes were compared, and the advancement of the technologies in recent years was briefly presented. Hydrometallurgical process had the advantages of simple technology, low cost, short process, and became the most common method for PGM recovery from car catalysts. The main drawbacks were that the PGM content in insoluble residue was still high, the leaching rate was not stable, and low recovery rate （ especially Rh）. Pyrometallurgical process had the advantage of large capacity, less waste water emissions, and high PGM recovery rate. However, the process required a lot of base metals for trapping agent, while the complex process, large investment, high energy consumption, long recovery period, and pollution control were the main problems in applica- tion. Finally, the development direction of automotive catalyst recycling technology was concluded as improving the level of technique, developing new technologies, being efficient and environment-friendly.
出处
《稀有金属》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2013年第6期1004-1015,共12页
Chinese Journal of Rare Metals
基金
爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室(北京理工大学)自主课题资助项目(YBKT14-09)
北京理工大学基础研究基金项目(20120242013)资助
关键词
汽车催化剂
回收
贵金属
湿法
火法
automobile catalyst
recycling
precious metal
hydrometallurgical process
pyrometallurgical process
