摘要
乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）主要经血、母婴及性接触传播[1]。尽管大部分HBV感染发生于婴幼儿时期,但是未免疫的成人仍可能感染HBV[2]。医务人员接触HBV感染者的血液或体液的机会相对较高,因此,感染HBV的危险性增高。美国早期的一项调查显示,医务人员的HBV感染率较普通人群高10倍[3]。
Health care workers are among the high-risk populations for hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection as they have more opportunities exposing to blood or other body fluids from HBV infected patients. The main routes of HBV infection are needle sticks or sharp injuries for health care workers. Vaccination is the most ef- fective measure to prevent HBV infection in this population. The prevalence of HBsAg varies because of differ- ent immunization strategies and vaccination coverage rates of health care workers in different regions. In Europe such as France, all of the health care workers except housekeeping and supporting staff must be vaccinated compulsorily and the vaccination coverage rate reached up to 97.0%, which resulted in a quick decrease in HBV infection. In America such as United States, each medical facility is required to provide hepatitis B vac- cine free for its health care workers. In 2006, the vaccination coverage rate in USA was 90.05% and HBV in- fection rate （1.0 × 10^- 4 ） was lower than that in general population （5.0 × 10^-4）. In East Mediterranean countries such as Pakistan, the vaccination coverage rate in health care workers was 73.4% but no immuniza- tion strategy for them was found. The relatively high vaccination coverage rate decreased the rate of HBsAg carrier to 0.6%-2.2%, lower than that in the regular population （6.0%）. In Africa such as Uganda, only 6.2% of health care workers had history of HBV vaccination, and HBsAg carrier rate was as high as 9.0%. Uganda is currently drafting hepatitis B vaccination strategies for health care workers. In Western Pacific area such as Hong Kong and Taiwan of China, the vaccination coverage rates in health care workers were 85.0% and 73.7% respectively, but the vaccination strategies were unclear. In 2009, we investigated the HBV infec- tion status in 3 126 health care workers in Jilin province of China, and the positive rates of HBsAg and anti- HBc were 1.4% and 33.4%, respectively, which were lower than that in common adult populati
出处
《中国病毒病杂志》
CAS
2013年第4期297-303,共7页
Chinese Journal of Viral Diseases
基金
国家"十二五"艾滋病和病毒性肝炎等重大传染病防治科技重大专项(2012ZX10002-001)
