摘要
尽管社会认知的内容丰富多样,但其核心在于人们对"自我"、"他人"及两者关系的理解。文化作为一种独特的社会现象,对社会认知有着广泛影响,这一点集中体现在文化对"自我"与"他人"信息加工及其大脑机制的影响上。文化神经科学的研究表明:文化显著影响自我相关记忆、自我表征、自我觉知等自我认知过程。这可能主要来源于不同文化人群自我建构方式的不同。上述差异的神经机制主要体现为不同文化人群自我相关加工时,其内侧前额叶功能性变化的不同。与此相对应的是,文化同样显著影响人们对他人,尤其是对他人情绪的认知。这一点集中表现为表情认知的文化优势效应及共情过程的文化差异。在神经机制上这一差异主要体现为杏仁核功能的文化可塑性。文化神经科学的未来研究,可继续探讨主流文化、区域文化、宗教文化等各种形式的文化差异:1)对自我认知与情绪认知相互作用的影响与神经基础;2)对共情(empathy)、社会比较(social compari-son)、心理理论(theory of mind)与协同行为(joint action)等多种社会认知过程的影响及其神经机制。
Though the term ＂social cognition＂has diverse contents and many implications,the essence of social cognition lies in how humans understand and represent the concept of ＂self＂,＂other＂and their mutual interactions. As a unique social phenomenon,culture has extensive influences on many aspects of social cognition,which is in particular manifested by the influence of the multiple forms of culture on brain processing of ＂self＂and ＂other＂information in previous studies. Research in culture-related neuroscience showed a significant influence of culture on self-related processes such as self-relevant memory and self representation,which probably stems from different styles of self-construal in different cultures. This was manifested most obviously by the sino-western cultural differences in the pattern of self-construal： eastern cultures （like Chinese culture and Japanese culture） were associated with a collective self construal and western cultures （like American culture） were linked with an individualistic self construal. In the cortical level,these differences are mainly manifested by different functional changes in medial prefrontal cortices during self-relevant processing in eastern-western cultures and in mainstream versus subordinate cultures. In parallel with these evidences,culture also has an important influence on brain processing of ＂other＂information,particularly other people＇ emotional states. This influence is in particular characterized by the cultural advantage effect in identifying facial expressions and by the cultural differences in empathetic processes. The cultural advantage effect in identifying facial expressions indicates that people find it easier to identify emotional facial expressions of persons who belong to the same cultural background as themselves （Chiao et al. ,2008,Journal of Neuroscience） . On the other hand,studies on cultural differences in empathy also indicate that people show greater empathic responses to the distresses of other persons who
出处
《心理科学》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2013年第4期1014-1022,共9页
Journal of Psychological Science
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(NSFC31170989
81171289)的资助
关键词
自我建构
文化神经科学
情绪认知
自我表征
共情
self construal
cultural neuroscience
empathy
self representation
emotional processing
