摘要
自阿富汗战争以来,无人机作战已成为美国"反恐战争"所依赖的最重要手段之一。美国情报部门操纵下的无人机在巴基斯坦、也门等国的秘密作战对于打击"基地"组织等反美武装势力起到了不可替代的作用,但其中存在的问题经多方曝光后,业已在国际社会引发激烈的伦理论争,构成了当代战争伦理实践中的一个重要议题。较之传统作战方式,美国无人机作战尽管与非常规的"反恐"目的更为相称,具有一定的合理性和正当性,且得到了相关国家政府的支持,但在"开战正义"和"交战正义"等方面仍存在相当明显的缺陷,其决策和实施过程的不透明更是引人诟病。通过遥控操纵无人机,美国作战人员可以在距本土上万公里之遥的地区攻击目标,从而使自身处于绝对安全地位。无人机作战对于规避伤亡的作用不可否认,在西方社会普遍不愿承受战争伤亡的"后英雄主义"时代或将大有用武之地。但无人机作战所导致的战争非人性化特征,也极有可能对国际规范和当代战争伦理原则构成严重的挑战。
Since the War in Afghanistan began in 2001,the combat drone(UCAV)has become one of the most potent weapons in America's 'war on terror'.CIA's covert drone war in Pakistan and Yemen has been proved effective in dealing with alQaeda and other anti-American militant groups,whilst creating great controversy and raising serious questions on the ethics of war and its contemporary practice.Compared with regular forces,drones are considered to be more proportional and proper in response to the threat posed by terrorists.And the governments of Pakistan and Yemen clearly endorsed U.S.drone programs in their countries.However,it is doubtful that U.S.drone warfare in Pakistan and Yemen could meet all the criteria of 'jus ad helium' and 'jus in bello',the two traditional categories of requirements in just war theories.A lack of transparency and accountability in drone operations also evokes questions about how a secret assassination campaign could be conducted legally in a democracy.With remotely-controlled combat drones,U.S.combatants can strike targets thousands of miles away from 'American soil',thus promising themselves safe havens against retaliation.Drone warfare represents a trend in an era of 'post-heroic' warfare,and fits the concept of 'casualty aversion' perfectly.However,the inhumanenature of drone warfare may constitute a breach of international norms and principles of modern just war ethics.
出处
《世界经济与政治》
CSSCI
北大核心
2013年第8期86-99,158-159,共14页
World Economics and Politics
基金
国家社科基金项目"保罗.尼采与冷战时期美国国家安全战略"(10BGJ008)
2013年度江苏高校哲学社会科学研究重大项目"新兴大国在国际秩序变革中的机遇与作用研究"(2013ZDAXM007)的阶段性成果
关键词
无人机
战争伦理
国际伦理
美国外交
国际安全
drone
ethics of war
international ethics
U.S.diplomacy
international security