摘要
新型科研设备和研究方法的出现造成了前所未有的数据洪流。大量数据以及新型数据分布和挖掘方法激起资助机构、决策者和一般大众对于新的发现和创新的憧憬。众多利益相关者期盼数据可开放获取,然而至今数据共享也仅在天文学和基因组学等少数领域出现。在其他领域,一部分研究者会经常共享数据,其他研究者则从不共享数据,而其他大多数研究者则只愿意在某些时间共享某些数据。因此,数据共享仍是一个难题——一个错综复杂而又困难的问题。科研数据有很多形式,数据收集有很多目的,也采用很多方法,一旦离开了数据最初产生的背景则很难解释。本文以自然科学、社会科学和人文科学为例来分析说明数据类型和数据实践。作者考察了数据共享的4个理由:进行研究再现或验证;使公共资助研究的结果为公众所用;使其他人利用现有数据提出新的科学问题;提升研究和创新水平。因为不同的共享原因、不同的受益人、以及卷入其中的利益相关者的动机和激励,人们对这些理由的认识不同。数据共享的挑战就是理解什么数据应该被共享、被谁共享、和谁共享、在什么条件下共享、为什么共享以及要做什么努力等。回答这些问题将贯穿整个数据政策和数据实践。
Researchers are producing an unprecedented deluge of data by using new methods and instrumentation. Others may wish to mine these data for new discoveries and innovations. However, research data are not readily available as sharing is common in only a few fields such as astronomy and genomics. Data sharing practices in other fields vary widely. Moreover, research data take many forms, are handled in many ways, using many approaches, and often are difficult to interpret once removed from their initial context. Data sharing is thus a conundrum. Four rationales for sharing data are examined, drawing examples from the sciences, social sciences, and humanities ： （ 1 ） to reproduce or to verify research, （2） to make results of publicly funded research available to the public, （3） to enable others to ask new questions of extant data, and （4） to advance the state of research and innovation. These rationales differ by the arguments for sharing, by beneficiaries, and by the motivations and incentives of the many stakeholders involved. The challenges are to understand which data might be shared, by whom, with whom, under what conditions, why, and to what effects. Answers will inform data policy and practice.
出处
《现代图书情报技术》
CSSCI
北大核心
2013年第5期1-20,共20页
New Technology of Library and Information Service
