摘要
骨角器在旧石器时代晚期欧亚大陆普遍出现,主要包括工具、穿孔装饰品和雕刻艺术品。这类物品通过比较固定而复杂的技术,仔细且精致地加工而成,具有较规范统一的形状,并且具有一系列新的或独特的功能,其原材料、类型、数量及与其他文化遗物的组合在时间和地理分布上呈现多样性。本文主要介绍德国旧石器时代晚期的骨角器及相关研究,透过原材料——动物资源的开发利用、开料或取坯技术、整形加工方法,展示中、西欧旧石器时代晚期骨角器工业和人类行为特点。同时,本文指出未来结合遗址中动物遗存分析以及实验和微痕观察的方法,对我国及东亚地区骨角器工业进行系统的研究,从而更好地认识区域环境中人类行为和文化发展的特点。
Organic objects of bone, antler, and ivory etc. widely appeared in the Upper Paleolithic, and serve as signals of behavioral innovation of modern humans. Bone and antler tools which were elegantly and intensively produced through complextechnological sequence, were used for various tasks and the intensive exploitation of resources. Bone and antler tools, together with other innovations in the Upper Paleolithic expands human＇s niche and facilitates modern human adaptation in northern Eurasia. This paper provides a brief review on the study of the bone and antler tools in the Upper Paleolithic of southwestern Germany. Our observations show that animal bones and antlers were often carefully selected for making tools. The availability of raw material significantly depends on the animal resources that foragers were able to hunt and acquire. Besides this the physical properties including the structure of bone and antler can affect the easiness and efficiency of manufacture, as well as the effectiveness and duration of the tool. The techniques of opening bones and making blank for tool production could be varied depending on the original shape of the bone. Nevertheless, grooving-splintering technique plays a key role in making standardized and well-shaped blanks or preforms of bone and antler, and it allows further shaping and modification easier and efficient. The bone and antler tool industry in the context of Chinese and European Upper Paleolithic shows similar technological concept and operation, as well as tool type. However, the Chinese records of bone and antler tools are scarce, and the wedging and splintering or grooving-splintering techniques have rarely been identified. Finally, we have a discussion about what might be responsible for the ＇difference＇ in bone and antler tool production in China, and proposed the direction for future work.
出处
《人类学学报》
CSCD
北大核心
2013年第2期169-181,共13页
Acta Anthropologica Sinica
基金
国家社科基金重大项目(11&ZD120)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA05130302)
德国洪堡基金会博士后研究基金资助
关键词
德国
旧石器时代晚期
骨角器
人类行为
区域特点
Upper Paleolithic
Germany
Bone and antler tools
Human behavior
Regionalvariability
