摘要
《排华法案》是美国首项含有种族和阶级歧视性质的移民法律条文,专门针对及排斥劳动阶级的华人移民。美国联邦政府1882年实施《排华法案》,到1943年才废止,这61年间对华籍移民的限制,是美国移民史上非常不光彩的一页。本文就排华时代美国旧金山华埠行刊的华语报章里收集的引用有关华人移民的词汇,探讨当年美国华人社区媒介对排华政策的反应及表达方式,值此印证当年居美华人对联邦政策的抗议及批评。这些华埠报刊里收集到的词汇,明显地反映出当年美国华人绝对拒绝认同一切《排华法案》有关的移民措施。有关排华及移民的讯息,在翻译程序上,不但没有直译原意,中文译文里更附加上严厉批评的意识,结果是创造了一类非常突出的华埠华文词汇,在美国各地华埠通行数十年。这是一种既普及也特殊的华埠小区语言词汇现象。加上华人不断地循各种法律途径挑战歧视他们的移民法例,尤其是在旧金山1906年地震后充分利用了美国宪法第十四条修正法案条文,整体来说是一种保障他们公民籍权和移民权益的具体行动。从这个当年美洲华文报刊文字现象看美国华人历史,我们深刻认识到当年美国各地华人的共同立场:在自己的小区里,他们的语言表达是全面否定,不接受联邦法律所容许的排斥华人的国家政策。这种小区媒体文字一致抗衡政策上歧视他们的团结精神,也是充分地表达了中美两个国家的民族都存有的"不平则鸣"的普世文化思维。
The Chinese Exclusion Act(1882-1943) ushered in an ugly chapter of US immigration history.Chinese American communities responded accordingly,challenging the exclusion laws via the legal system and manipulating the birthright protection provided by the US Constitution's 14 th Amendment to counteract the federally sanctioned exclusionary practices.One major feature demonstrating the community's adamant opposition can be seen in Chinatown Chinese language media,where exclusion-related news were reported and translated in the community newspapers and other publications.Chinese American specialists have yet to examine this unique linguistic phenomenon.This paper is an examination and analysis of the Chinatown Chinese terms,extracted from the community publications(newspapers,books,etc.) during the period of Chinese exclusion.The data reveal that the Chinese American communities were in solidarity in refusing to acknowledge the legitimacy of the Chinese exclusion laws and practices.Chinese Americans used their community language and media as a site of resistance to subvert US laws that discriminated against their settling in America.
出处
《五邑大学学报（社会科学版）》
2013年第1期1-10,93,共10页
Journal of Wuyi University(Social Sciences Edition)
关键词
《排华法案》
地方语言色彩
美国本土华人移民历史词汇
文字语言抗衡
不平则鸣
Chinese Exclusion Act
local features in language
terms used in Chinese American immigration history
language as a site of resistance
speaking out against injustice
