摘要
目前,研究开发出安全性好且能有效刺激机体细胞免疫和体液免疫的疫苗及其载体和佐剂是绝大多数传染病疫苗研发中的瓶颈问题.鉴于病毒载体疫苗潜在的安全性问题,近年来DNA疫苗和亚单位疫苗如蛋白质疫苗等新型疫苗逐渐成为重大疾病防治研究的热点.然而DNA和蛋白质较难进入机体且易被酶降解导致了疫苗较差的免疫原性.要解决这些问题需借助于合适的疫苗载体或佐剂.可用于人体的两种佐剂(铝佐剂和MF59)主要激活机体的体液免疫,对细胞免疫的调节作用较弱,这对于预防和治疗胞内病原体如病毒等的感染显然是不够的.作为非病毒载体,纳米材料具有较好的生物相容性和独特的理化性质,如易于加工修饰、促进功能分子入胞、保护DNA和蛋白质等免受降解,在疫苗载体或佐剂的研究与开发过程中逐渐成为关注的热点.目前,已有一些纳米材料在实验动物水平显示出较好的载体作用或佐剂活性.本文将总结分析纳米材料作为载体或佐剂的研究进展与应用前景,为更加科学合理地设计纳米材料用于疫苗领域提供参考.
The development of safe and effective vaccine and its carriers and/or adjuvants, which can simultaneously induce the cellular and humoral immunity, is the bottleneck in the vaccine development for most of the fatal infectious diseases. Due to the safety issues of virus-based vaccine, DNA vaccines and subunit vaccine such as protein vaccine has been the focus. However, the enzymatic digestion and low entry efficiency of DNA and protein into organism lead to the poor immunogenicity of these vaccines. The appropriate carriers and/or adjuvants will be helpful to solve these problems. Alum compounds and MF59, which have been approved for human clinical application, mainly induce the humoral immunity instead of the cellular immunity. However, this will be limited for the prevention and treatment of diseases infected by endogenous pathogens like viruses. As non-viral vehicles, nanomaterials have attracted intense attentions in the development of vaccine carries/adjuvants as a result of the acceptable safety consideration and unique properties such as controllable preparation, easy modifications, enhancing functional molecules entry into cells and protecting DNA from digestion. In this review, we highlight recent advances that a few of nanomaterials have shown good delivery effects as vaccine carriers or adjuvant properties. This review aims to provide useful information toward the scientific and rational design of nanomaterials as adjuvant/delivery systems through reviewing published reports.
出处
《科学通报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2012年第25期2341-2353,共13页
Chinese Science Bulletin
基金
国家科技重大专项(2012ZX10001-008)
国家自然科学基金(31070854)资助
关键词
纳米材料
疫苗
载体
佐剂
重大疾病
nanomaterials, vaccine, carriers, adjuvants, major diseases
