摘要
自古以来,国家有两个层面的社会管理:一是政府管理,二是民间管理。明清时期,贵州清水江流域是典型的林业社会,是以清水江文书,特别是以林业契约管理经济社会的少数民族地区,无论政府管理、民间管理都发挥了重大的历史作用。
Since ancient times, a state always has its social administration on two levels： both government and nongovernmental. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the area of Qingshuijiang valley in Guizhou was a typical forestry community, a minority area whose economic society was administrated by the Qingshuijiang Instruments especially forestry contracts. Both governmental and nongovernmental administration played a major role in the history.
出处
《原生态民族文化学刊》
2011年第3期47-49,共3页
Journal of Ethnic Culture
关键词
清水江文书
社会管理
政府管理
民间管理
the Qingshuijiang Instruments
social administration
governmental administration
non- governmental administration
