摘要
联邦制是设计中央-地方关系的制度框架,其中涉及中央与地方之间的垂直权力关系和行政机构、立法机构、司法机构之间的横向权力关系,而垂直权力的集中与分散是识别集权单一制国家与联邦制国家的重要标准。俄罗斯自20世纪90年代以来开始向联邦制转型,经历了主权巡游阶段、联邦协议阶段、俄联邦新宪法阶段、地区封建主义阶段和准联邦制阶段。在俄罗斯从中央集权的单一制国家向联邦制转型的不同阶段中,联邦控制和地方自治能力一直是转型与政府改革的重点。改革并没有真正改变中央集权的传统,反而加强中央联邦对区域的控制,并不断削减区域自治,因此,严格而言,俄罗斯是一种"准"联邦制。但是,联邦控制区域的政治目的受到外界超国家层级经济发展和俄罗斯政治传统的影响,俄罗斯的转型在一定程度上提高了区域自治能力,促使了"新"区域主义的产生。
Federalism is the institution settings of designing the relationship of 'center-regions',which include the vertical power relation between the center and regions,and the horizontal power relation among the executive branch,the legislature and the judicial branch.The degree of centralism of vertical power is the key criterion to distinguish a unitary state from a federation.Russian starting from 1990s until today has been the period of transformation into a federalism,which gone through the five phrases—from the parade of sovereignties,the federation treaty,the new Constitution of the RF,the 'regional feudalism' to the 'quasi federalism'.In the different phrases of transformation from the unitary state into the federalism,the central control and the regional autonomy is the focus of the transformation and reformation all the time.The reformation did not change the tradition of central control,but enhanced the central control on regions and decreased the capacity of regional autonomy.Therefore,the Russian federalism is 'quasi federalism'.But the political control from the center is affected by the economic development of the supranational level and the tradition of Russian politics.The Russian transformation enhanced the capacity of regional autonomy,impelled the 'new' regionalism.
出处
《公共行政评论》
2010年第5期92-107,共16页
Journal of Public Administration
