摘要
天然降水是高温伏旱区旱地农作系统的主要水资源。根据调查资料和田间实验结果,以高温伏旱代表区域奉节、万州、沙坪坝为研究区,计算出重庆几种主要种植模式(小麦-玉米-甘薯、胡豆-玉米-甘薯、小麦-玉米-大豆、马铃薯-玉米-甘薯、胡豆-玉米-大豆、油菜-玉米-甘薯)的需水量,系统地分析在坡度0°、5°、10°、15°、20°、25°耕地上,不同降雨年型中,主要种植模式水分供需平衡与错位特征,并利用水分生态适应性数学模型进行评价。研究表明:奉节3种降雨年型主要是由各年5-9月的实际降雨量决定的,万州3种降雨年型各月降雨量的差异主要体现在7-9月,沙坪坝3种降雨年型的年降雨量差异的最明显月份为7月。3个研究区和北碚实验区的平均年参考作物蒸散量的大小顺序是奉节>北碚>万州>沙坪坝。就相同的复作模式而言,不同研究区作物需水量的大小顺序为:奉节>万州>沙坪坝;同一研究区不同复作模式需水量大小顺序为:油菜-玉米-甘薯>胡豆-玉米-大豆>马铃薯-玉米-甘薯>小麦-玉米-大豆>胡豆-玉米-甘薯>小麦-玉米-甘薯。在平整的耕地上,奉节只有丰水年适宜在坡度较小的耕地上种植小麦-玉米-甘薯、胡豆-玉米-甘薯和小麦-玉米-大豆。万州丰水年可以在平整的土地上种植各种复作模式,平水年适宜种植小麦-玉米-甘薯。沙坪坝平水年适宜种植小麦-玉米-甘薯、胡豆-玉米-甘薯和小麦-玉米-大豆。通过积极调整种植结构,调节播种时间,采用保护性耕作,抗旱品种培育与生物抗旱技术,大力修建蓄水工程,发展设施农业等措施改善水资源利用状况,提高旱作农业的可持续发展能力。
Precipitation is the major water resource in dryland farming system of hot and summer drought areas.In this study,taking representatives of hot and summer drought areas,Fengjie,Wanzhou,Shapingba as study areas,water demand was calculated for several main planting patterns such as wheat-corn-sweet potato,horsebean-corn-sweet potato,wheat-corn-soybean,potato-corn-sweet potato,horsebean-corn-soybean,rape-corn-sweet potato,water supply-demand equilibrium and dislocation characteristics of the main crops and planting patterns in farmland with the slope 0°,5°,10°,15°,20°,25°,on different years of rainfall types was analyzed systematically,and evaluated by mathematical model of water ecological adaptability.Three rainfall type years of Fengjie were mainly determined by actual rainfall in the months from May to September.The month rainfall differences of three rainfall type years in Wanzhou was mainly centralized in the months from July to September.The most obvious rainfall difference of three rainfall type years in Shapingba appeared in July.The order of average annual reference evapotranspiration of three study regions and Beibei was FengjieBeibeiWanzhouShapingba.As the same crop or the same planting pattern,the order of water demand in different regions was FengjieBeibeiWanzhouShapingba.As the same region,the order of different complex planting pattern water demand was,rape-corn-sweet potatohorsebean-corn-soybeanpotato-corn-sweet potatowheat-corn-soybeanhorsebean-corn-sweet potatowheat-corn-sweet potato.In the flat farmland Fengjie,wheat-corn-sweet potato,horsebean-corn-sweet potato and wheat-corn-soybean could be planted on,gentle slope land in wet year.But for Wanzhou,all of the complex planting patterns were suitable in wet year,and wheat-corn-sweet potato could be chosen in average year.As Shapingba,wheat-corn-sweet potato,horsebean-corn-sweet potato and wheat-corn-soybean were suitable in average year.Dyland farming will be sustainable through agricultural water-saving and drought-resistance countermeasure
出处
《水土保持研究》
CSCD
北大核心
2010年第6期95-100,105,共7页
Research of Soil and Water Conservation
基金
国家"十一五"科技支撑项目(2006BAD29B08)
西南季节性干旱区集雨补灌技术集成与示范
国家自然科学基金项目(30871474)
重庆市科技攻关项目(CSTC
2008AB1001)
西南大学农业部生物技术与作物品质改良重点开放实验室基金项目
关键词
高温伏旱区
作物需水量
水分供需平衡
水分生态适应性
农作系统
hot and summer drought area
crop water demand
water supply-demand equilibrium
water ecological adaptability
cropping system
