摘要
哈定的"公有地悲剧"理论对当前的中国环境保护话语,尤其是草原保护产生着深远影响。通过对西藏林芝县秀巴村的田野调查发现:围绕着牦牛、环境和人,地方社会早就形成了一整套公有草场管理的有效机制。在过去的半个多世纪里尽管一些传统机制中断了,但新机制随即被创造出来,继续维持当地生态环境的可持续发展。这套管理机制主要基于亲属制度,人口的制度性节制,村落内外牧民间的互惠,私有草场的限制,以及跨界放牧的实现。与哈定理论所不同的是,它弱化了牧民间的竞争关系。因此,哈定的"公有地悲剧"理论难以用来解释诸如秀巴村一样的中国藏族社区的自我管理机制。
＂The Tragedy of the Commons＂written by Hardin has a profound influence on the current environmental protection discourse in China,especially grassland protection.Based on fieldwork conducted in Hsiuba Village of Nyingchi County,Tibet,the author found that by focusing on yaks,the environment and Tibetan people,the local community has already developed effective institutions to govern their common grassland.Although some traditional institutions have not continued for the past half-century,the new ones are soon invented to replace the methods of sustainable development of the local environment.The governing institutions were mainly based on the following：system of kinship,the institutional control on the population,the system of reciprocity among herders within and outside the village,the limitation on privatized grassland and the achievement to herd across the village border.As a result,different to Hardin＇s theory,the institutions weaken the competitive relationship among herders.Thus Hardin＇s theory cannot be used to explain the self-governing institutions of the Tibetan community,such as Hsiuba Village.
出处
《原生态民族文化学刊》
2010年第2期16-23,共8页
Journal of Ethnic Culture
关键词
公有地悲剧
公有地管理
互惠
非平衡生态系统
环境人类学
the tragedy of commons
the governing on commons
reciprocity
ecosystem disequilibrium
environmental anthropology
