摘要
"条约不约束第三国"是一项古老的国际习惯法规则,亦称为"条约的相对效力原则"。即条约只约束缔约国,未经第三国同意,条约既不能为第三国创设权利,也不能为第三国施加义务。这一原则早就得到众多国际法学者的肯定,并被国际司法实践所接受和确认。国际海事公约在明确这一原则的同时,规定了"不优惠条款",也就是对第三国之船舶仍然产生效力。这是国际海事公约的一个独特之处,其理论上的依据是一个值得研究的问题。通过理论分析,认为国际海事公约符合国际强行法及习惯国际法的特征,正因为如此,其对第三国亦具约束力。
It is an ancient rule of Customary International Law that ＂A Treaty Shall Have No Validity to the Third State＂, also known as ＂the principle of relative validity of treaty＂. That means a treaty shall only be bounding with its contracting states, and it does not create either obligations or rights for the third State without its consent. This principle has long been acknowledged by many international law scholars and accepted and confirmed by international judicial practice, The international maritime instruments have confirmed this principle and, at the same time, stipulate the clause of ＂No More Favorable Treatment （NMFT）＂, which is still effective to ships of the third state. This is one of the uniqueness of the international maritime instruments, whose theoretical base is an issue worthy studying. Through theoretical analyses, we find out that the international maritime instruments conforms to the characteristics of International hnperative Law and Customary International Law, therefore, it holds a binding force to the third state as well.
出处
《中国海事》
2008年第8期30-33,共4页
China Maritime Safety
