摘要
近来景观破坏事件频发,私主体作为第三人提起行政诉讼主张其景观权益受到侵害的案例愈发多见.景观所具有财产及精神价值的多重性,以及景观相关利害关系人的多元性和集合性,使得景观权益的内涵外延难以界定,且无法当然明确地被划入公共利益或个人利益范畴,位于两者交叉地带.法院首先会在原告资格审查时面对景观权益的界定与属性判断的问题,因此原告资格成为景观权益在行政诉讼中生成的环节.我国相关案件原告资格审查通常直接以景观权益是否符合法定利害关系类型,或者是否属于行政行为根据规范明确列举的保护事项为理由,在缺少概念界定和法律解释的情况下将行政诉讼"合法权益"范围限缩于法定化权利,尚未出现经由行政诉讼而生成个人景观权益的情形.本文对法律概念类似且原告资格判断结构趋近的日本法进行研究,通过分析日本景观相关行政诉讼出现至今的典型判例,试图抽取出日本建构"景观利益"概念的方法以及相关案件行政诉讼原告资格审查的框架,同时结合理论及规范背景分析日本判例思路变化的原因,对我国如何在行政诉讼中依据实体法界定和审查景观权益提供动态的参考视角."景观利益"基本是由日本判例通过实体法解释而确立的概念.根据判例对"景观利益"概念界定的差异,按照时间顺序,大致可分为环境利益说、土地所有权派生利益说、人格利益说和公共利益说四种观点.前述观点针对"景观利益"构成要件、法律属性以及行政规范个人利益保护宗旨等问题的审查思路存在差异.目前,日本判例就前述问题尚未形成一致结论,在剥离个案事实差异的前提下,仍然存在人格利益说和公共利益说两种立场,人格利益说为多数说.人格利益说以特定景观受法律保护以及具备历史文化价值为依据,认可景观与地区居民生活环境的特�
Recently,landscape destruction incidents have occurred frequently,and cases in which private parties file lawsuits against specific administrative acts,claiming that their landscape rights and interests have been infringed become more common.The multiplicity of property and spiritual values of landscapes,as well as the diversity and aggregation of landscape stakeholders,make it difficult for landscape rights and interests to be categorized into public or individual categories.The court will first face the problem of definition and attribute judgment of landscape rights and interests when examining the plaintiff's qualification,so the plaintiff's qualification becomes the link of generation of landscape rights and interests in administrative litigations.The plaintiff's qualification examination in relevant cases in China is usually based on whether the landscape rights and interests fall within the scope of statutory interest relationships,or whether the landscape rights and interests fall within the scope of the protection items explicitly listed in the relevant regulations of the administrative act.In the absence of concept definition and legal explanation,the scope of"legitimate rights and interests"in administrative litigation is limited to statutory rights,and no landscape rights and interests is generated by administrative litigation in China.Through analyzing typical cases of Japanese landscape-related administrative litigation since its appearance,this paper tries to extract the method of constructing the concept of"landscape interest"and the frame of examining the plaintiff's qualification in administrative litigation.At the same time,it analyzes the reasons for the change of Japanese cases combined with theoretical and normative background,and provides a dynamic reference for defining and examining the landscape interest according to the substantive law in administrative litigation in China.The concept of"landscape interest"is basically established by Japanese cases through legal interpretations.Since th
