摘要
先秦儒家从春秋战国政治现实出发,反思了“谁之国家”“何种国家”“谁之安全”“何种安全”“何以安全”与“谁享安全”等问题,形成了较为系统的国家安全思想。认为国家可以分为自然国家、政治国家与天地国家三种类型,基于天性的自然情感、政治认同和政治抱负以及“天地万物本吾一体”的体悟,先秦儒家相应地维护各类国家安全;认为安全可以分为治道安全、民心安全、教化安全、人伦安全与天地安全五种类型,立足现实,先秦儒家维护这种在结构上需要系统谋划的总体安全与在功能上需要协同治理的普遍安全;针对先秦时期的国家危机及其原因,先秦儒家提出道济天下以卫治道、仁政惠民以得民心、尊师重儒以广教化、正名养心以正人伦、明善诚身以位天地等解决方案,主张享受国家安全成果的主体应该是人民,体现了其国家安全思想的现实批判性与理论先进性。
Proceeding from the political reality of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods,the pre-Qin Confucians reflected on questions such as“whose country”,“which country”,“whose security”,“which security”,“why is it safe”,and“who enjoys security”,forming a systematic ideology of national security as follows:firstly,states could be grouped into three categories,namely natural states,political states,and states of the universe,based on natural emotions,political identity and aspirations,and the realization of‘all things in the universe originally as one with me’,and the pre-Qin Confucians would correspondingly safeguard the security of natural states,political states,and states of the universe;secondly,security could be divided into five types:statecraft security,popularity security,enlightenment security,human relations security,and security of the universe,and the pre-Qin Confucians would,in accordance with the reality,maintain the overall security that requires systematic planning in structure and the universal security that requires coordinated governance in function;finally,in response to the national crisis and its causes during the pre-Qin period,the pre-Qin Confucians proposed various solutions,i.e.using kingly way to relieve the world and protect statecraft security,implementing measures of benevolent governance and benefiting the people to gain popularity security,respecting teachers and Confucianism to ensure enlightenment security,rectifying names and cultivating the heart to ensure human relations security,and being kind and sincere to protect the security of the universe.The pre-Qin Confucians also believe that people should be the principal beneficiary of national security outcome.In the final analysis,the pre-Qin Confucian thought on national security is characterized by critical realism and advanced theory.
出处
《国家安全论坛》
2023年第4期17-38,89-90,共24页
National Security Forum
基金
教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“中华文明精神特质和发展形态研究”(项目批准号:22JZD034)阶段性研究成果
关键词
治道安全
民心安全
教化安全
人伦安全
天地安全
statecraft security
popularity security
enlightenment security
human relations security
security of the universe
