摘要
修订后的《行政处罚法》明确,相对人能证明无主观过错则不予处罚,如何证明行为人的主观状态是本条款适用的难点。主观过错要件的适用应置于具体的规制语境中予以考察,本文以食品安全领域为例,其中食品经营者尽职免责条款,是无主观过错不予处罚在该领域的具体化。随着责任理论的变迁,过失的认定从主观的心理状态判断转化为了客观的注意义务审查;特定规制领域的注意义务又以制度化的填充规范为指引,从而进一步实现了过失认定标准的客观化。客观的注意义务并不否定个体差异,应根据各类社会主体的控制能力以及所涉行为的特性,设置类型化的注意义务标准,而不同主体之间注意义务的区别,则表征了其所承担之规范期待的差异。应在规范目的下体系性地看待处罚与其他规制措施的关系以及主观过错要件的地位。在危险防御的逻辑下,责任评价有客观化的趋势,但仍与结果责任存在本质区别。
It is announced in The Administrative Penalty Law that where a party has sufficient evidence to prove that there is no subjective fault,administrative penalty shall be exempted.An objectified approach is needed to increase operability of this clause.The first step is putting this clause in a specific context,like in the field of food safety regulation.The essence of offence through negligence lies in the violation of the duty of care rather than in the psychological fault.The food trader has a duty of care to inspect purchased goods.The obligation of inspecting purchased goods of the food trader is standardized by the administrative norms.The standard of the duty of care should be set according to the control ability of various social subjects and the characteristics of the behavior involved.The relationship between administrative penalty and other regulatory means and the status of subjective fault should be considered systematically under the legislative purposes.Objective culpability is different from consequence-based culpability.
作者
石肖雪
SHI Xiaoxue(Soochow University Kenneth Wang School of Law)
出处
《法学家》
北大核心
2023年第4期42-54,192,共14页
The Jurist
基金
国家社科基金重大项目“适应新时代市场监管需要的权力配置研究”(20&ZD193)的阶段性成果
关键词
行政处罚
主观过错
注意义务
客观化
食品安全法
Administrative Penalty
Duty of Care
Subjective Faults
Objectify
Food Safety Law
