摘要
明代在对外贸易的管理上,继续实行前朝延续下来的市舶制度。明代早期到中期严格实行"海禁"政策,使"朝贡"贸易成为唯一合法的形式,海外贸易完全置于明政府的严格控制之下。明代晚期至清代,从开海、海禁到海关建立,海外贸易政策也经历了多次调整。明代早期至中期,由于统治者实行严厉的海禁政策,使民间私商贸易极受限制。此时对外输出的瓷器所涉及的窑口和数量、品种都比较少。市场仍局限于"广州通海夷道"沿线的国家和地区。明代中期至晚期,海禁政策逐渐松弛。随着大航海时代的来临,中国陶瓷的外销开始迎来新的高峰。市场除了原有的东亚、东南亚、西亚和东非等地外,更开始进入了欧洲市场。产品涉及的窑口及品种较之以前更加丰富,质量亦大有提高。
The Ming Dynasty continued the shi-bo system of the previous dynasty in its management of foreign trade.From the early to the middle Ming Dynasty,the court strictly implemented the policy of"ban on maritime trade with foreign countries",making tributary trade the only legal form and completely putting foreign trade under the strict control of the government.From the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty,foreign trade policy underwent many adjustments that ranged from opening ports to foreign vessels,to banning maritime trade,to the establishment of maritime customs.In the early and middle Ming Dynasty,due to the strict ban on maritime trade,private maritime trade was also greatly restricted.Ceramic products exported to other countries were limited in production kilns,quantity and category.The market was also limited to countries and regions along the"maritime trading route from Guangzhou".The"ban"policy gradually eased in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.The arrival of the Maritime Navigation Era ushered in the peak of Chinese ceramics exportation.Chinese ceramic products entered Europe as well as existing markets in East Asia,Southeast Asia,West Asia and East Africa.More kilns were involved in production and product variety and quality both improved.
作者
黄静
Huang Jing(Guangdong Museum)
出处
《湖南省博物馆馆刊》
2019年第1期39-52,共14页
Hunan Provincial Museum
关键词
明代
海外贸易制度
陶瓷外销
东南亚市场
欧洲市场
Ming Dynast
foreign trade policy
ceramics exportation
Southeast Asian market
European market
