摘要
美国黑人官兵参加第一次世界大战之前,法国大革命带来的思想启蒙、媒体对法国战场上非洲军人的浮夸宣传,已激发了美国黑人对"自由法兰西"的向往,也增强了他们的种族自豪感,从而坚定了赴法参战的决心。参战期间,美国黑人官兵一方面赢得了法国军民的欢迎与尊重;另一方面又受到美国白人的侮辱与压迫,呈现反差明显的"双重境遇",使得他们开始了初步的觉醒与民权抗争。归国初期,这些黑人官兵对赢得平等的公民权充满自信,但经历1919年"流血之夏"与"考德威尔军士案"败诉后,他们倍感失望,开始借助"新黑人运动"的兴起,以强调种族团结的集体行动、流亡海外、接受共产主义思想、保存一战记忆的文化活动等方式,继续展开民权抗争,美国黑人民权运动的序幕由此拉开。
Before the black American soldiers participated in the First World War,the enlightenment brought by the French Revolution and the media’s exaggerated reporting about the African soldiers on the French battlefield showed the longing of black Americans for"Free France"and enhanced their ethnic pride,strengthening their resolve to go to war in France. During the war,those black American fighters won the respect of the French military and civilians,but meanwhile they were being insulted and oppressed by white Americans. This obvious and contrasting"dual situation"led to their preliminary awakening and struggle for civil rights. When they returned to America,they were at first full of confidence in winning equal citizenship for themselves,but after the"Red Summer of 1919"and"Caldwell’s Cases",they were disappointed and began to take advantage of the rise of the"New Negro Movement". By taking collective actions that emphasized racial unity,going into exile overseas,accepting communist ideology,and having cultural activities to preserve memories of World War I,they carried on with their civil rights struggle. And this was the beginning of the American Negro Civil Rights Movement.
作者
罗超
梁洁
Luo Chao;Liang Jie(School of Journalism and Communication,Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444;Tianhua College,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai 201615)
出处
《军事历史研究》
2020年第2期108-124,共17页
Military History Research
基金
国家哲学社会科学基金一般项目“美国内战老兵与战场遗址保护研究(1865—1941)”(19BSS035)
关键词
一战
美国黑人官兵
种族歧视
民权抗争
World War I
black American soldiers
racial discrimination
civil rights struggle
