摘要
将叙事伦理转写为命题或思想实验的代价是抽空行为中的生命历史性,使生命蜕变为抽象符号和规则。商马第事件中,冉阿让面对诸多伦理分歧无所适从,规范伦理、功利主义等理性思考尽管无懈可击,却缺少力量推动冉阿让行动。伦理辩护不能仅靠建构论证,在叙事中重历冉阿让的际遇与挣扎,良心才不再是空洞概念,而是被真实经验充实的可理解力量,才能超越伦理分歧做出最终决定。沙威的自杀源于双重困境:作为警察的职责与良心的冲突,法律与秩序本身的局限性。既从限知叙事理解沙威的合理性,也从全知叙事看到他的限度,才能理解法律的限度与人物决断的有限性。叙事伦理的对象是有限性的人在无可回避的情境中具有缺憾性的选择。人的脆弱与有限决定了不同真理不能还原为某个最终根据,也没有完满解决价值冲突的法则。除了借助规范、义务、功利这些概念去思考和规训人的行为,还需要叙事伦理去理解生命的历程、痛苦与良心。
symbols and rules.Valjean is at a loss in the face of many ethical disagreements in the Champmathieu affair,and rational thinking such as normative ethics and utilitarianism,though impeccable,lacks the power to give Valjean the power to action.Ethical defense cannot be based on constructive arguments alone,but by re-living Valjean's encounters and struggles in the narrative,conscience is no longer an empty concept,but a comprehensible force enriched by real experiences,which transcends ethical differences and makes the final decision.Javert's suicide stems from a double dilemma:the conflict between his duty as a policeman and his conscience;and the limitations of law and order itself.It is only by understanding Javert's rationality from both the limited-knowledge narrative and seeing his limits from the omniscient narrative that the limits of law and the limited nature of the characters'decisions can be understood.The object of narrative ethics is the finite human being's flawed choice in an inescapable situation.The frailty and finiteness of human beings determine that different truths cannot be reduced to a certain final ground,and there is no law that perfectly resolves the conflict of values.In addition to thinking and regulating human behavior with the help of concepts such as norms,obligations,and utilitarianism,narrative ethics is needed to understand the course of life,suffering,and conscience.
出处
《伦理学术》
2021年第2期197-220,共24页
Academia Ethica
基金
天津社会科学院2020年院重点项目“忠恕之道与新时代美德伦理重建”(项目编号:20YZD-03)的阶段性成果
关键词
悲惨世界
叙事伦理
伦理分歧
律法
有限性
Les Misérables
Narrative ethics
Ethical Divergence
Law
Finiteness
