摘要
明朝嘉靖七年,全国范围内爆发了发生概率为2%的特别极端干旱事件。严重的旱灾在北方及南方九省肆虐,导致占缴纳全国赋税额度七成有余的地区遭受大面积的粮食减产。这一事件造成当年明廷不得不在大幅减免内地税粮的同时大规模提高财政支出,以用于内地赈济和边防供给,酿成中央政府的巨额财政赤字。此次干旱暴露了明廷盐政败坏、宗室占田、军屯荒废等方面的弊端,边防供给体系失效。明廷不得不通过改革盐政、核查六部乃至清查勋戚庄田等一系列革新措施来筹备用于赈济和供边的粮饷,以应对危局。这促成了"嘉靖革新"的开启。
A nationwide extreme drought with a probability of 2%occurred in the 7th year of the Jiajing(1528)in Ming Dynasty.Severe droughts wreaked havoc in nine provinces and caused huge drop in grain production in the regions that used to pay more than 70%of the country’s taxes.This disaster not only led the government to reduce taxes of the severely afflicted areas,but also increased fiscal expenditure on disaster relief in the stricken areas and on border defense supplies.These measures resulted in a huge deficit of the central government.This extreme drought exposed many long-standing pitfalls in the administration of Ming Dynasty,such as the corrupted salt administration,imperial clan over-occupying grain field,and desertion of the military farming settlement system.Consequently,this extreme drought paralyzed the border defense supply system.Therefore,the Ming government had had to carry out a series of innovative measures such as salt policy reform,audits of the Six Ministries,and check the manors of the imperial clan to raise the supply of silver for relief and defense purposes.These emergency measures contributed to the Jiajing Restoration.
作者
韩健夫
Han Jianfu(School of Marxism,Hangzhou Dianzi University,Hangzhou 310018,China)
出处
《历史地理研究》
2020年第3期70-85,154,共17页
The Chinese Historical Geography
基金
国家重点研发计划“全球变化研究及应对”(2018YFA0605602)
浙江省哲学社会科学规划课题“过去1000年浙江极端旱涝灾害重建与社会应对研究”(19NDQN303YB)
教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“过去千年中国区域极端气候事件与中华文明时空进程”(16JJD770010)
关键词
特别极端干旱
民运粮
边防供给
嘉靖革新
exceptional drought
grain for civilian transportation
frontier defense supply
Jiajing Restoration
