摘要
条件是否具有溯及力是民法上的一个传统问题。在附条件处分中,条件具有溯及力的,附条件权利人能够自始取得物权,并在未决期间内享有物权性保护(直接保护)。附条件权利人在未决期间处分标的物的,处分能够溯及至条件成就前生效(间接保护)。条件的溯及力会在履行返还、孳息归属和当事人权责等方面引起一些不当法律后果。条件的即时效力能够避免前述不当后果,但附条件权利人无法享有直接保护与间接保护。现行法在承认条件即时效力时,有必要设立一个特殊保护机制,配置期间处分无效规则,以确保附条件权利人能够正常取得物权。附条件权利人的利益是否构成期待权,取决于条件成就的可能性、法律保护的强度、社会经济之需求,不能一概而论。当前而言,法律应当承认所有权保留中的买受人与附条件遗嘱中的后位继承人享有期待权。
The retroactive effect of conditions is a conventional issue in private law.In the situation of conditional disposal,this effect allows the conditional right-holder to acquire the property right ex tunc and to enjoy proprietary protection during the pending period(direct protection).If the right-holder disposes of the object in the pending period,this disposal can take effect before the fulfilment of the condition(indirect protection).However,the retroactive effect gives rise to undesirable consequences in some circumstances,including the recovery of the performance,the allocation of the fruits,and the parties’rights and liabilities.The immediate effect of conditions can avert these undesirable consequences,but both the direct and the indirect protection would be unavailable to the conditional right-holder.The applicable law recognizes the immediate effect of conditions.Therefore,it is necessary to have a special regime of protection by recognizing invalidity of disposal in the pending period for the benefit of the conditional right-holder,so that he or she is able to acquire the object without being interfered with.The qualification of the conditional right as a right of expectation depends on the possibility of fulfillment of the condition,the legal protection recognized,and the social-economic demand.Nowadays,it is desirable to recognize that the buyer under the reservation of ownership and the subsequent successor in the situation of subsequent succession enjoy a right of expectation.
出处
《中外法学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第5期1208-1226,共19页
Peking University Law Journal
基金
2020年度国家社会科学基金重点项目“中国债法上返还责任规则的统一建构”(项目编号:20AZD119)资助
关键词
条件
附条件处分
溯及效力
即时效力
期待权
Conditions
Conditional Disposal
Retroactive Effect
Immediate Effect
Right of Expectation
