摘要
通过德福一致的至善理论,康德将其理论哲学和实践哲学结合在一起,并得出“道德必然导致宗教”的著名结论,其中《纯粹理性批判》对至善的论证是关键性的一步;但这种论证并不成立。首先,至善理论是以批判的唯灵主义及其“两个世界”说为前提的,这遇到温和的唯灵主义的挑战。其次,“我做了我应当做的”与“我可以希望幸福”两者并不存在必然关系;经验性的幸福在不断进行道德努力的人那里发展成理智的道德幸福;德福一致的主张其实根源于康德对莱布尼茨神义论之改造,并非形而上学思考之必然结论。最后,以德福一致为基础所构建的道德神学面临叔本华与佛教的温和的唯灵主义、新儒家道德形而上学、黑格尔绝对观念论等的挑战。
Kant’s theory of the highest good unifies virtue and happiness,enabling Kant to combine his theoretical philosophy with practical philosophy.Kant then reaches to the famous conclusion that“morality will inevitably lead to religion”.The demonstration of the highest good in Critique of Pure Reason is a key step ro this conclusion.But I argue that Kant’s argumentation is not tenable.Firstly,the theory of the highest good is based on critical spiritualism and his theory of“two worlds”,which invites the challenge of moderate spiritualism.Secondly,there is no inevitable relationship between“I do what I should do”and“I can hope for happiness”.I argue that empirical happiness would develop into rational morality for those who constantly make moral efforts.The idea of the unity of virtue and happiness is actually rooted in Kant’s modification of Leibniz’s theology rather than being an inevitable consequence of Kant’s metaphysical reasoning.Finally,I propose that Kant’s moral theology,based on the unity of virtue and happiness,faces the challenges from Schopenhauer’s and Buddhism’s moderate spiritualism,neo Confucian moral metaphysics,Hegel’s absolutism,etc.
出处
《清华西方哲学研究》
2022年第1期107-127,共21页
Tsinghua Studies in Western Philosophy
基金
贵州省社科规划办的社科规划青年项目“现象学视域下康德宗教哲学研究”(20GZQN17)
国家社科基金一般项目“赫尔德对康德的批评之系统研究”(20BZ089)的资助
关键词
道德
幸福
至善
唯灵主义
神义论
moral
happiness
the highest good
spiritualism
theodicy
