摘要
Metallic lithium anode is widely applied to building highenergy-density batteries such as lithium–sulfur and lithium–oxygen batteries because of its high specific capacity(3860 mAh g?1)and lowest negative potential(?3.04 V vs.standard hydrogen electrode(SHE))[1,2].However,the practical applications of Li anode remain challenging[3–6].The large volume change during repeated plating/stripping of Li would cause mechanical and interfacial instability[7,8].The solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)layers on lithium surface with poor elasticity are vulnerable to crack under variable stress/strain,leading to continuous side reactions between exposed fresh Li and electrolyte[9–11].In addition,the uncontrollable nucleation and growth of Li incur the formation of dendrites,which could accelerate detrimental parasitic reactions.Because of the uneven stripping,dendritic Li may deteriorate into electrically disconnected or“dead”Li,resulting in poor Coulombic efficiency,rapid capacity decay,and short circuit risk[12–17].
基金
supported by MOST(2017YFA0206702)
NSFC(21871149)
MOE(B12015)
Tianjin Project(18JCZDJC31100)
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
