摘要
民本思想在传统中国政治思想中具有基理性地位,因为它根本性地反映了古代中国政制中政治精英—社会大众的权责利害关系,其中蕴含的道德责任追求、统治经验智慧与革命合法性体现出这一对关系的复杂。孙中山发扬民本思想中的“革命权”,在其暮年又设计出以“权能分职”为枢纽的五权宪制国家权力结构方案,如此重构了这一对传统政治关系,其意义在于实现君主制向共和制的转变,改造政治精英—社会大众的不对等法权,发挥政治精英主导的国家治理的传统优势,完成对传统民本政治的宪制转化。另外,从政治精英—社会大众的关系来看,五权宪制方案区别于西方式的政府—民众、国家—社会的二元对立特点,显示出政治精英主导下的上下一体共赴国事的立宪精神。所以,这一方案实际上激活了传统并对西方近代宪制话语进行了突破,这主要表现在“权能分职”与“分权制衡”背后的权职分工与权力分制、“万能政府”与有限政府的区别以及对平等自由价值的不同诠释上,这也使得该方案成为在传统中国近代转型中一个具有里程碑意义的中西政治对话样本。
The Min-ben(民本)thought has a basic rational position in traditional Chinese political thought,because it fundamentally reflected the relationship of power and responsibility,benefit and harm of political elites and the public in the political system of ancient China.It included the pursuit of moral responsibility,the wisdom of ruling experience,and the legitimacy of the revolution,which reflected the complexity of the relationship between the ancient Chinese political elites and the public.Sun Yat-sen carried forward the revolutionary power in the Min-ben thinking,and in his later years used the Five-power constitutional state power structure scheme as the pivot of the Division of Powers and Functions,which reconstructed this traditional political relationship.It completely realized the transition from monarchy to republic,reformed the unequal legal rights between the political elite and the general public,gave full play to the traditional advantages of national governance led by political elites,and achieved the constitutional transformation of Min-ben politics.Under the new relationship between political elites and the public,the Five-power Constitutional Scheme had different relationship of government-popular,state-society and even political elite-social masses from the Western,which emphasized the constitutional spirit of the whole party under the leadership of the political elite to serve the country as one.So this scheme actually activated the tradition and made a breakthrough in the discourse system of modern constitutionalism.It was different from modern western constitutional logic of Checks and Balances Separation of Powers-the Limited Government-Freedom and Equality,forming the idea of Division of Powers and Functions-the Universal Government-Freedom and Equality(Sun Yat-sen reinterpretation),which had become a landmark political design sample of modern Sino-Western dialogue in the modern transformation of traditional China.
出处
《中国政治学》
2023年第2期73-93,135-136,共23页
CHINESE POLITICAL SCIENCE
关键词
民本
政治精英—社会大众
五权宪制方案
西方宪制
权能分职
Min-ben
Political Elite-social Masses
The Five-power Constitutional Scheme
The Western Constitutionalism
Division of Powers and Functions
