摘要
同一时空借贷产生的借词能够和施借语言中的原词保持严格的、不弱于同源词之间的语音对应。本文选择了中蒙两国基础方言标准音中的汉语借词“茶”的读音[t∫^(h)ε:](正蓝旗)和[tshae](乌兰巴托)进行研究。通过建立完全对应,我们认为[t∫^(h)ε:]和[tshae]的借用本字是“茶叶”而非单字“茶”,因为蒙古语的复合元音由音组演变而来,单字“茶”的韵(麻韵开口二等平声)无法为蒙古语复合元音的产生创造条件。“茶叶”进入蒙古语的时间应不早于《中原音韵》编写的年代。彼时的蒙古语音系中含塞擦音音位/t∫^(h)/,且复合元音/ai/已开始形成。同一时期,汉字“茶”的声母(澄母)已清化且塞擦音化,汉字“叶”的声母已变成半元音,韵尾也已消失,汉字“茶”的韵结合汉字“叶”的声韵(馀母叶韵开口三等入声)正好满足蒙古语复合元音/ai/的形成条件。“茶叶”借入蒙古语后,受蒙古语不同方言音变规律的支配,读音继续发生变化。在借贷发生时的蒙汉音系匹配规律和借贷发生后蒙古语音系内部音变规律的双重作用下,这例借词形成了今天的读音[t∫^(h)ε:]和[tshae]。由此我们发现,在充分考虑语言接触的情况下,借词和同源词的音变方式没有不同。语音系统并没有区分同源还是异源,只要语音条件得到满足,词汇就会发生相同的变化。
Loanwords created in the same period can form a strict phonetic correspondence that is not weaker than that of cognates.This paper selects the Chinese loanword“tea”[t∫^(h)ε:]and[tshae]in Mongolian in order to investigate how the phonetic form of loanwords changes in different types of language contact.As diphthongs in Modern Mongolian are derived from the combinations of the type Vowel+ji in Written Mongolian,we believe that[t∫^(h)ε:]and[tshae]are borrowed from the word“cháyè茶叶”,not the word“chá茶”.The time when“cháyè茶叶”entered Mongolian should not be earlier than the time when Zhongyuan yinyun中原音韵(Rhymes of the central plain)was compiled.During that period,the initial consonant of the Chinese character“chá茶”had become an aspirated affricate and Mongolian matched it with/t∫^(h)/.At the same time,the initial consonant of the Chinese character“yè叶”had become a semi vowel and the ending had also disappeared.The fact which the rhyme of the Chinese character“chá茶”combined with the pronunciation of“yè叶”just formed the combinations of the typeɑ+ji.After the“cháyè茶叶”was borrowed into Mongolian,it continued to change under the rule of sound change in different dialects.Therefore,we find that there is no difference in the way of sound change between loanwords and cognates when language contact is fully considered.In other words,the phonetic system does not distinguish between loanwords and cognates.As long as the phonetic conditions are met,the words will have the same changes.
出处
《语言学研究》
2023年第2期46-56,共11页
Linguistic Research
基金
国家社科基金“冷门‘绝学’和国别史等研究专项”项目“基于《华夷译语》等注音文献整理的中古蒙古语至现代蒙古语喀尔喀方言的语音演变研究”(项目编号:2018VX049)
教育部重大项目“语言变异和接触机制研究”(项目编号:19JJD740001)的资助
关键词
语言接触
蒙古语
汉语借词
茶
历史语言学
语音变化
languages in contact
Mongolian
Chinese loan words
tea
historical linguistics
sound changes
