摘要
上海襟江带海,"以水兴市"。1963年,黄浦江首次暴发"黑臭",并一直延续至20世纪八九十年代,标志着上海城市水系遭遇灾害性污染,其根由在于经年累月积聚的工业排放,可谓"百年之债"。20世纪六七十年代,上海治理黄浦江污染并未停歇,1968年还发动了群众性的"向黄浦江、苏州河污水宣战"的活动,虽然处于"边治理边排放"的状态中,但还是有所收效。20世纪70年代工业持续增长,企业强调"三废难治""污染难免",且上海老工业基地的设施陈旧,跑冒滴漏现象普遍,导致三废治理出现倒退。同时,城区工厂有毒、有害产品向郊区社队企业转移,"合围性"地侵扰了黄浦江水系。计划经济的生产任务落实于生产单位,"单位为重"的生产任务与环境治理的配比不能平衡,以邻为壑地向单位以外的天地排放工业污染的现象便屡屡发生,成为那个时期黄浦江治理未能取得成效的根本原因。
The black-odor river water of Huangpu River was first found in 1963 and had ever lasted till the 1980 s and 1990 s.The decades long black-odor water emission signaled the systematic disaster of the polluted Huangpu river system.It resulted from years long industrial waste discharging,which can be called a"century-long debt".However,ever since the late 1960 s,pollution control had begun.The mass campaign named"declaring a war against the Huangpu River and the Suzhou River"was launched in 1968 and effectively initialized the control policy even under the situation of"controlling and discharging at the same time".However,as the industrial output kept growing in the 1970 s,factories emphasized their difficult situation of controlling the"Three Wastes",taking it for granted that it was"a necessary crime to pollute".Giving the generally outdated facilities in the old industrial base in Shanghai,the leak of wastes was everywhere to see.As a consequence,the 1970 s witnessed the setback of the pollution control efforts.Meanwhile,the poisonous and harmful industrial products was sent down in batches to enterprises run by rural communities,besieging further the whole water system from suburbs.The control of water pollution in the 1960 s and 1970 s proved that the governance system was effective on pollution control at that time,by highlighting the separation of the normal governance for the society from the"abnormal"political campaigns.However,this did not guarantee a successful control because of the limitation of"crisis-management"and"workshop-based"models of governance.Work unites,which were responsible to the quota under a system of a planned economy,mainly responded to the parts of their own task,neglecting that water pollution,by and large,was a systematic issue.So,they cared for demonstrating their political loyalty as"implementing the revolution while improving the production",by setting the index of"output/quality".This is the main reason why the water pollution control of the abnormal time period did not work.
出处
《中国经济史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第1期168-182,共15页
Researches in Chinese Economic History
基金
国家社会科学基金项目《上海“文革”时期的社会生活研究》(批准号:13BZS105)的成果之一
关键词
20世纪六七十年代
黄浦江水系污染
应对性治理
作坊式治理
1960s and 1970s
Water Pollution of Huangpu River System
Crisis-Management Governance
Workshop-Based Governance
