摘要
美国“航行自由计划”,自1979年被确定为美国海洋政策的基石以来,已经发展成为具有七大特征的国内法工具。它由美国国务院与国防部负责实施,以维护国际法之名,反对全世界其他沿海国海洋权利主张,强力维持美国片面主张的军舰航行自由和海洋军事存在自由。美国“航行自由计划”维护的所谓“航行自由”,从国际法角度看,不是国际海洋法上的航行自由。“航行自由计划”实施40多年来,美国在国际海洋事务中奉行攻击性单边主义,辩称其“航行自由行动”的合法性,宣扬美式国际法理据的正当性,强化战争之外军事手段的威慑性,粉饰美国充当世界警察的虚伪性。其结果不仅未能真正改变沿海国的“过度海洋权利主张”,反而引发了一些国际冲突性事件。美国“航行自由计划”,不符合和平解决国际争端的国际法原则,以军事行动威胁有关沿海国的主权与安全,违反了各国在国际关系中不使用武力或以武力相威胁的国际强行法,也不符合《联合国宪章》规定的会员国主权平等、善意履行义务等宪章原则,持续不断地冲击建立在《联合国宪章》和《联合国海洋法公约》基础上的国际海洋法律秩序。
After more than 40 years of development,the“Freedom of Navigation Program”(FON Program)of the United States,which has been established as the cornerstone of the United States ocean policy since 1979,not only has seven major features,but also has become an instrument of domestic law against maritime claims of other coastal states around the world in the name of upholding international law.The FON Program of the United States is a unilateral claim and practice of the United States,not freedom of navigation in the international law of the sea,but freedom of naval vessels and freedom of military presence unilaterally exercised and asserted by the United States.The practice of the FON Program for more than 40 years shows that the United States pursues aggressive unilateralism in international maritime affairs,claims the legality of“Freedom of Navigation operations”(FONOPs),advocates the legitimacy of American-style international law,strengthens the deterrence of military means other than war and whitewashes the hypocrisy of the United States as the policeman of world,which not only has failed to truly change the“excessive maritime claims”of coastal states,but also has triggered some international conflicts.The FON Program does not conform to the principles of international law concerning the peaceful settlement of international disputes.It also threatens the sovereignty and security of the relevant coastal states with military actions,which is neither in conformity with the principle that all countries do not use force or threat of force in international relations nor in conformity with the principles of the sovereign equality of member states and of the fulfillment of obligations in good faith under the Charter of the United Nations.The FON Program is as well as constantly striking the international maritime legal order based on the UN Charter and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
作者
余敏友
冯洁菡
YU Minyou;FENG Jiehan(Wuhan University)
出处
《边界与海洋研究》
2020年第4期5-31,共27页
Journal of Boundary and Ocean Studies
基金
自然资源部海洋战略规划与经济司、中国海洋发展研究会2018年度支持项目《我国在南海的战略利益及应对南海航行自由研究》的研究成果。
关键词
航行自由计划
航行自由
和平解决国际争端
武力威胁
攻击性单边主义
Freedom of Navigation Program
freedom of navigation
peaceful settlement of international disputes
aggressive unilateralism
threat of force
