With modified analytical embedded-atom method and molecular dynamics simulation, this paper simulates the strain energy and the equilibrium core structure of a（100） edge dislocation in BCC metal iron on atomistic sc...With modified analytical embedded-atom method and molecular dynamics simulation, this paper simulates the strain energy and the equilibrium core structure of a（100） edge dislocation in BCC metal iron on atomistic scale. In addition, the trapping effect of dislocation on vacancy is investigated as well. The results show that the equilibrium dislocation core is quite narrow and has a C2v symmetry structure. Calculated strain energy Es of the dislocation is a linear function of ln（R/2b） while R ≥ 5.16 A（1A = 0.1 nm）, in excellent agreement with the elasticity theory prediction. Determined core radius and energy are 5.16 A and 0.62 eV/A, respectively. The closer the vacancy to the dislocation line is, the lower the vacancy formation energy is, this fact implies that the dislocation has a trend to trap the vacancy, especially for a separation distance of the vacancy from dislocation line being less than two lattice constants.展开更多
In order to evaluate the performance of deep geological disposal of radioactive waste,an underground research laboratory(URL)was constructed by Andra in the Callovo-Oxfordian(COx)claystone formation at the Meuse/Haute...In order to evaluate the performance of deep geological disposal of radioactive waste,an underground research laboratory(URL)was constructed by Andra in the Callovo-Oxfordian(COx)claystone formation at the Meuse/Haute-Marne(MHM).The construction of URL induced the excavation damage of host formations,and the ventilation in the galleries desaturated the host formation close to the gallery wall.Moreover,it is expected that the mechanical behaviour of COx claystone is time-dependent.This study presents a constitutive model developed to describe the viscoplastic behaviour of unsaturated and damaged COx claystone.In this model,the unsaturation effect is considered by adopting the Bishop effective stress and the van Genuchten(VG)water retention model.In terms of the viscoplastic behaviour,the nonstationary flow surface(NSFS)theory for unsaturated soils is used with consideration of the coupled effects of strain rate and suction on the yield stress.A progressive hardening law is adopted.Meanwhile,a non-associated flow rule is used,which is similar to that in Barcelona basic model(BBM).In addition,to describe the damage effect induced by suction change and viscoplastic loading,a damage function is defined based on the crack volume proportion.This damage function contains two variables:unsaturated effective stress and viscoplastic volumetric strain,with the related parameters determined based on the mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)tests.For the model validation,different tests on COx claystone under different loading paths are simulated.Comparisons between experimental and simulated results indicated that the present model is able to well describe the viscoplastic behaviour of damaged COx claystone,including swelling/shrinkage,triaxial extension and compression,and triaxial creep.展开更多
Self-sealing of fractures in the indurated Callovo-Oxfordian(COX)and Opalinus(OPA)claystones,which are considered as host rocks for disposal of radioactive waste,was investigated on artificially fractured samples.The ...Self-sealing of fractures in the indurated Callovo-Oxfordian(COX)and Opalinus(OPA)claystones,which are considered as host rocks for disposal of radioactive waste,was investigated on artificially fractured samples.The samples were extracted from four lithological facies relatively rich in clay mineral,carbonate and quartz,respectively.The self-sealing of fractures was measured by fracture closure,water permeability variation,gas penetration,and recovery of gas-induced pathways.Most of the fractured samples exhibited a dramatic reduction inwater permeability to low levels that is close to that of intact rock,depending on their mineralogical composition,fracture intensity,confining stress,and load duration.The self-sealing capacity of the clay-rich samples is higher than that of the carbonate-rich and sandy ones.Significant effects of sample size and fracture intensity were identified.The sealed fractures become gas-tight for certain in-jection pressures.However,the measured gas breakthrough pressures are still lower than the confining stresses.The gas-induced pathways can recover when contacting water.These important findings imply that fractures in such indurated claystones can effectively recover to hinder water transport but allow gas release under relatively low pressures without compromising the rock integrity.展开更多
Nanocarriers have been developed in order to protect drugs or to improve drugs efficiency by reaching the damaged tissue and avoiding systemic and local toxicity.By using HSP90 inhibitors,some cancer drug resistances ...Nanocarriers have been developed in order to protect drugs or to improve drugs efficiency by reaching the damaged tissue and avoiding systemic and local toxicity.By using HSP90 inhibitors,some cancer drug resistances have been overcome and the loading into nanocarriers of such drugs has shown an increase of their activities.This review will present some advantages of HSP90 inhibitors to treat resistant tumors;especially those targeting the mitochondrial protein TRAP1.We will also focus on the targeting of the primary tumors,cancer stem cells and metastatic cells.展开更多
In the French deep geological disposal for radioactive wastes,compacted bentonite/claystone mixtures have been considered as possible sealing materials.After emplacement in place,such mixtures are hydrated by the site...In the French deep geological disposal for radioactive wastes,compacted bentonite/claystone mixtures have been considered as possible sealing materials.After emplacement in place,such mixtures are hydrated by the site solution as well as the cement solution produced by the degradation of concrete.In this study,the effects of synthetic site solution and cement solution on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted mixtures of claystone and two types of bentonites(MX80 Na-bentonite and Sardinia Cabentonite)were investigated by carrying out a series of swelling pressure,hydraulic conductivity and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)tests.It was found that for the MX80 bentonite/claystone mixture hydrated with synthetic site solution,the swelling capacity was reduced compared to the case with deionised water owing to the transformation of Na-montmorillonite to multi-cation dominant montmorillonite by cation exchanges.For the Sardinia bentonite/claystone mixture,the similar increasing rate of swelling pressure was observed during the crystalline swelling process for different solutions,suggesting insignificant cation exchanges.Additionally,the cations in the synthetic site solution could reduce the thickness of diffuse double layer and the osmotic swelling for both MX80 bentonite/claystone and Sardinia bentonite/claystone mixtures.The large-pore volume increased consequently and enhanced water flow.In the cement solution,the hydroxide could also dissolve the montmorillonite,reducing the swelling pressure,and increase the large-pore volume,facilitating the water flow.Furthermore,the decrease of swelling pressure and the increase of hydraulic conductivity were more significant in the case of low dry density because of more intensive interaction between montmorillonite and hydroxide due to the high permeability.展开更多
BACKGROUND Crohn’s disease(CD)is complicated by perianal fistulas in approximately 20%of patients.Achieving permanent fistula closure remains a challenge for physicians.An association between serum anti-tumor necrosi...BACKGROUND Crohn’s disease(CD)is complicated by perianal fistulas in approximately 20%of patients.Achieving permanent fistula closure remains a challenge for physicians.An association between serum anti-tumor necrosis factor-αconcentrations and clinical outcomes in patients with CD has been demonstrated;however,little information is available on serum adalimumab(ADA)concentrations and remission of perianal fistulas in such patients.AIM To study the relationship between serum ADA concentrations and clinical remission of CDassociated perianal fistulas.METHODS This cross-sectional study of patients with CD-associated perianal fistulas treated with ADA was performed at four French hospitals between December 2013 and March 2018.At the time of each serum ADA concentration measurement,we collected information about the patients and their fistulas.The primary study endpoint was clinical remission of fistulas defined as the absence of drainage(in accordance with Present’s criteria),with a PDAI≤4,absence of a seton and assessment of the overall evaluation as favorable by the proctologist at the relevant center.We also assessed fistula healing[defined as being in clinical and radiological(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)remission]and adverse events.RESULTS The study cohort comprised 34 patients who underwent 56 evaluations(patients had between one and four evaluations).Fifteen patients had clinical remissions(44%),four of whom had healed fistulas on MRI.Serum ADA concentrations were significantly higher at evaluations in which clinical remission was identified than at evaluations in which it was not[14(10-16)vs 10(2-15)μg/mL,P=0.01].Serum ADA concentrations were comparable at the times of evaluation of patients with and without healed fistulas[11(7-14)vs 10(4-16)μg/mL,P=0.69].The adverse event rate did not differ between different serum ADA concentrations.CONCLUSION We found a significant association between high serum ADA concentrations and clinical remission of CD-associated perianal fistulas.展开更多
Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a complex and multifaced neurodegenerative disorder for which the precise pathological molecular mechanisms are still not completely known. In last years, rational multi-target drug desi...Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a complex and multifaced neurodegenerative disorder for which the precise pathological molecular mechanisms are still not completely known. In last years, rational multi-target drug design methods, which combine multiple molecules having complementary modes of action, have been increasingly used in the development of anti-AD drugs.展开更多
We propose and analyze a posteriori energy-norm error estimates for weighted interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin approximations of advection-diffusion-reaction equations with heterogeneous and anisotropic diffusio...We propose and analyze a posteriori energy-norm error estimates for weighted interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin approximations of advection-diffusion-reaction equations with heterogeneous and anisotropic diffusion. The weights, which play a key role in the analysis, depend on the diffusion tensor and are used to formulate the consistency terms in the discontinuous Galerkin method. The error upper bounds, in which all the constants are specified, consist of three terms： a residual estimator which depends only on the elementwise fluctuation of the discrete solution residual, a diffusive flux estimator where the weights used in the method enter explicitly, and a non-conforming estimator which is nonzero because of the use of discontinuous finite element spaces. The three estimators can be bounded locally by the approximation error. A particular attention is given to the dependency on problem parameters of the constants in the local lower error bounds. For moderate advection, it is shown that full robustness with respect to diffusion heterogeneities is achieved owing to the specific design of the weights in the discontinuous Galerkin method, while diffusion anisotropies remain purely local and impact the constants through the square root of the condition number of the diffusion tensor. For dominant advection, it is shown, in the spirit of previous work by Verfiirth on continuous finite elements, that the local lower error bounds can be written with constants involving a cut-off for the ratio of local mesh size to the reciprocal of the square root of the lowest local eignevalue of the diffusion tensor.展开更多
Background: Ointments, classically used for the treatment of dermatological diseases, are monophasic viscous semisolid formulations. According to the proportion of their compounds, they have physicochemical and organo...Background: Ointments, classically used for the treatment of dermatological diseases, are monophasic viscous semisolid formulations. According to the proportion of their compounds, they have physicochemical and organoleptic properties and when applied on skin show a specific behaviour allowing to be spread more or less easily. Objective: To measure in vitro rheological characteristics of three vitamin D derivative ointments prescribed for the treatment of psoriasis, and to compare their viscosity and clinical acceptability when applied on the diseased skin. Methods: Rheological characteristics of tacalcitol 4 μ g/g, calcipotriol 50 μ g/g and calcitriol 3 μ g/g ointments were assessed by measuring the oscillatory viscoelastic parameters and the permanent flow analysis. Clinical acceptability was studied in 20 psoriatic male or female subjects, aged 18 years or older. A survey evaluated the acceptability of calcitriol vs. tacalcitol and calcipotriol. Questions included information about fluidity, spreading capacity and stickiness after application. Results: We demonstrated that viscoelastic parameters were four times higher for ointment tacalcitol than for calcipotriol and calcitriol, corresponding to a higher consistency of ointment tacalcitol compared to calcipotriol and calcitriol showing both similar results; better fluidity was demonstrated by calcitriol than by tacalcitol and calcipotriol. Comparable results were obtained for the quality to be spread. The sensation of stickiness, significantly different between tacalcitol and calcitriol, was not different between calcipotriol and calcitriol. Conclusion: The above results confirmthe relationship between rheological in vitro and sensorial in vivo results: variations between different formulations may have an important influence on non-adherence and treatment failure.展开更多
We present a micro-gravity experimental study of intermediate number density vibro-fluidized inelastic spheres in a rectangular container.Local velocity distributions are investigated,and are found to deviate measurab...We present a micro-gravity experimental study of intermediate number density vibro-fluidized inelastic spheres in a rectangular container.Local velocity distributions are investigated,and are found to deviate measurably from a symmetric distribution for the velocity component of the vibrating direction when dividing particles along the vibration direction into several bins.This feature does not exist in the molecular gas.We further study the hydrodynamic profiles of pressures p and temperatures T in positive and negative components,such as p+y and p-y and T+y and T-y,in accordance with the sign of velocity components of the vibrating direction.Along vibration direction,granular media are found to be not only inhomogeneous and anisotropic,but also different greatly in positive and negative components.Energy equipartition breaks down in this case.展开更多
Optical modeling coupled to experiments show that a microscope operating in reflection mode allows imaging,through solutions or even a microfluidic cover,various kinds of nanoparticles,NPs,over a(reflecting)sensing su...Optical modeling coupled to experiments show that a microscope operating in reflection mode allows imaging,through solutions or even a microfluidic cover,various kinds of nanoparticles,NPs,over a(reflecting)sensing surface,here a gold(Au)surface.Optical modeling suggests that this configuration enables the interferometric imaging of single NPs which can be characterized individually from local change in the surface reflectivity.The interferometric detection improves the optical limit of detection compared to classical configurations exploiting only the light scattered by the NPs.The method is then tested experimentally,to monitor in situ and in real time,the collision of single Brownian NPs,or optical nanoimpacts,with an Au-sensing surface.First,mimicking a microfluidic biosensor platform,the capture of 300 nm FeOx maghemite NPs from a convective flow by a surface-functionalized Au surface is dynamically monitored.Then,the adsorption or bouncing of individual dielectric(100 nm polystyrene)or metallic(40 and 60 nm silver)NPs is observed directly through the solution.The influence of the electrolyte on the ability of NPs to repetitively bounce or irreversibly adsorb onto the Au surface is evidenced.Exploiting such visualization mode of single-NP optical nanoimpacts is insightful for comprehending single-NP electrochemical studies relying on NP collision on an electrode(electrochemical nanoimpacts).展开更多
A 3-D molecular dynamics simulation of a bi-disperse vibro-fluidized granular gas in a cyclic three-compartment cell is performed.A cluster of particles is randomly found in one of the compartments.Lohse's flux mo...A 3-D molecular dynamics simulation of a bi-disperse vibro-fluidized granular gas in a cyclic three-compartment cell is performed.A cluster of particles is randomly found in one of the compartments.Lohse's flux model is modified to incorporate inelastic particle-boundary colBsions.This model predicts that periodically there is clustering in each compartment.It is then found that if the model is further modified to incorporate Gaussian white noise,it correctly predicts the non-sequential clustering behavior confirming that there is no chaotic behavior.展开更多
For many years, HUVEC.com1 public database provides biological data relative to the proteome of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HU-VECs), which are the most used human endothelial cell model in vascular biolog...For many years, HUVEC.com1 public database provides biological data relative to the proteome of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HU-VECs), which are the most used human endothelial cell model in vascular biology. The proteins were identified using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) for protein separation coupled with Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) for identification. We present here an important update of HUVEC.com with 521 protein identifications as determined using Fourier transformed ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) applied to an unstained 2-DGE gel cut in 221 squared pieces;each identified protein being accompanied by a semi-quantitative three dimensional visualization is called “score imaging”. The squared analyzed gel and the alphabetical list of identified proteins, linked with their corresponding three-dimensional score imaging, are available at www.huvec.com. This original approach led to the establishment of the most protein-rich and informative database for HUVECs, as well as to the identification of some protein species, in particular with phosphorylation.展开更多
基金supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (Grant No. 2004CB619302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51071098)
文摘With modified analytical embedded-atom method and molecular dynamics simulation, this paper simulates the strain energy and the equilibrium core structure of a（100） edge dislocation in BCC metal iron on atomistic scale. In addition, the trapping effect of dislocation on vacancy is investigated as well. The results show that the equilibrium dislocation core is quite narrow and has a C2v symmetry structure. Calculated strain energy Es of the dislocation is a linear function of ln（R/2b） while R ≥ 5.16 A（1A = 0.1 nm）, in excellent agreement with the elasticity theory prediction. Determined core radius and energy are 5.16 A and 0.62 eV/A, respectively. The closer the vacancy to the dislocation line is, the lower the vacancy formation energy is, this fact implies that the dislocation has a trend to trap the vacancy, especially for a separation distance of the vacancy from dislocation line being less than two lattice constants.
文摘In order to evaluate the performance of deep geological disposal of radioactive waste,an underground research laboratory(URL)was constructed by Andra in the Callovo-Oxfordian(COx)claystone formation at the Meuse/Haute-Marne(MHM).The construction of URL induced the excavation damage of host formations,and the ventilation in the galleries desaturated the host formation close to the gallery wall.Moreover,it is expected that the mechanical behaviour of COx claystone is time-dependent.This study presents a constitutive model developed to describe the viscoplastic behaviour of unsaturated and damaged COx claystone.In this model,the unsaturation effect is considered by adopting the Bishop effective stress and the van Genuchten(VG)water retention model.In terms of the viscoplastic behaviour,the nonstationary flow surface(NSFS)theory for unsaturated soils is used with consideration of the coupled effects of strain rate and suction on the yield stress.A progressive hardening law is adopted.Meanwhile,a non-associated flow rule is used,which is similar to that in Barcelona basic model(BBM).In addition,to describe the damage effect induced by suction change and viscoplastic loading,a damage function is defined based on the crack volume proportion.This damage function contains two variables:unsaturated effective stress and viscoplastic volumetric strain,with the related parameters determined based on the mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)tests.For the model validation,different tests on COx claystone under different loading paths are simulated.Comparisons between experimental and simulated results indicated that the present model is able to well describe the viscoplastic behaviour of damaged COx claystone,including swelling/shrinkage,triaxial extension and compression,and triaxial creep.
基金This work was co-funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy(BMWi)under contract number 02E11627by the European Commission(EC)from the Euro-pean Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogram under Grant No.847593.
文摘Self-sealing of fractures in the indurated Callovo-Oxfordian(COX)and Opalinus(OPA)claystones,which are considered as host rocks for disposal of radioactive waste,was investigated on artificially fractured samples.The samples were extracted from four lithological facies relatively rich in clay mineral,carbonate and quartz,respectively.The self-sealing of fractures was measured by fracture closure,water permeability variation,gas penetration,and recovery of gas-induced pathways.Most of the fractured samples exhibited a dramatic reduction inwater permeability to low levels that is close to that of intact rock,depending on their mineralogical composition,fracture intensity,confining stress,and load duration.The self-sealing capacity of the clay-rich samples is higher than that of the carbonate-rich and sandy ones.Significant effects of sample size and fracture intensity were identified.The sealed fractures become gas-tight for certain in-jection pressures.However,the measured gas breakthrough pressures are still lower than the confining stresses.The gas-induced pathways can recover when contacting water.These important findings imply that fractures in such indurated claystones can effectively recover to hinder water transport but allow gas release under relatively low pressures without compromising the rock integrity.
基金Part of the works cited in this review have been granted by Ligue Contre le Cancer(comitédes Hauts de seine,#4FI10626MIUR)Fondation ARC(#SFI20111203965).
文摘Nanocarriers have been developed in order to protect drugs or to improve drugs efficiency by reaching the damaged tissue and avoiding systemic and local toxicity.By using HSP90 inhibitors,some cancer drug resistances have been overcome and the loading into nanocarriers of such drugs has shown an increase of their activities.This review will present some advantages of HSP90 inhibitors to treat resistant tumors;especially those targeting the mitochondrial protein TRAP1.We will also focus on the targeting of the primary tumors,cancer stem cells and metastatic cells.
基金supported by Ecole des Ponts Paris Tech and the French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency(Andra)China Scholarship Council for the grant scholarship。
文摘In the French deep geological disposal for radioactive wastes,compacted bentonite/claystone mixtures have been considered as possible sealing materials.After emplacement in place,such mixtures are hydrated by the site solution as well as the cement solution produced by the degradation of concrete.In this study,the effects of synthetic site solution and cement solution on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted mixtures of claystone and two types of bentonites(MX80 Na-bentonite and Sardinia Cabentonite)were investigated by carrying out a series of swelling pressure,hydraulic conductivity and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)tests.It was found that for the MX80 bentonite/claystone mixture hydrated with synthetic site solution,the swelling capacity was reduced compared to the case with deionised water owing to the transformation of Na-montmorillonite to multi-cation dominant montmorillonite by cation exchanges.For the Sardinia bentonite/claystone mixture,the similar increasing rate of swelling pressure was observed during the crystalline swelling process for different solutions,suggesting insignificant cation exchanges.Additionally,the cations in the synthetic site solution could reduce the thickness of diffuse double layer and the osmotic swelling for both MX80 bentonite/claystone and Sardinia bentonite/claystone mixtures.The large-pore volume increased consequently and enhanced water flow.In the cement solution,the hydroxide could also dissolve the montmorillonite,reducing the swelling pressure,and increase the large-pore volume,facilitating the water flow.Furthermore,the decrease of swelling pressure and the increase of hydraulic conductivity were more significant in the case of low dry density because of more intensive interaction between montmorillonite and hydroxide due to the high permeability.
基金Supported by the Assistance Publique des H?pitaux de Paris and AbbVie (North Chicago, Illinois, United States)
文摘BACKGROUND Crohn’s disease(CD)is complicated by perianal fistulas in approximately 20%of patients.Achieving permanent fistula closure remains a challenge for physicians.An association between serum anti-tumor necrosis factor-αconcentrations and clinical outcomes in patients with CD has been demonstrated;however,little information is available on serum adalimumab(ADA)concentrations and remission of perianal fistulas in such patients.AIM To study the relationship between serum ADA concentrations and clinical remission of CDassociated perianal fistulas.METHODS This cross-sectional study of patients with CD-associated perianal fistulas treated with ADA was performed at four French hospitals between December 2013 and March 2018.At the time of each serum ADA concentration measurement,we collected information about the patients and their fistulas.The primary study endpoint was clinical remission of fistulas defined as the absence of drainage(in accordance with Present’s criteria),with a PDAI≤4,absence of a seton and assessment of the overall evaluation as favorable by the proctologist at the relevant center.We also assessed fistula healing[defined as being in clinical and radiological(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)remission]and adverse events.RESULTS The study cohort comprised 34 patients who underwent 56 evaluations(patients had between one and four evaluations).Fifteen patients had clinical remissions(44%),four of whom had healed fistulas on MRI.Serum ADA concentrations were significantly higher at evaluations in which clinical remission was identified than at evaluations in which it was not[14(10-16)vs 10(2-15)μg/mL,P=0.01].Serum ADA concentrations were comparable at the times of evaluation of patients with and without healed fistulas[11(7-14)vs 10(4-16)μg/mL,P=0.69].The adverse event rate did not differ between different serum ADA concentrations.CONCLUSION We found a significant association between high serum ADA concentrations and clinical remission of CD-associated perianal fistulas.
文摘Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a complex and multifaced neurodegenerative disorder for which the precise pathological molecular mechanisms are still not completely known. In last years, rational multi-target drug design methods, which combine multiple molecules having complementary modes of action, have been increasingly used in the development of anti-AD drugs.
文摘We propose and analyze a posteriori energy-norm error estimates for weighted interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin approximations of advection-diffusion-reaction equations with heterogeneous and anisotropic diffusion. The weights, which play a key role in the analysis, depend on the diffusion tensor and are used to formulate the consistency terms in the discontinuous Galerkin method. The error upper bounds, in which all the constants are specified, consist of three terms： a residual estimator which depends only on the elementwise fluctuation of the discrete solution residual, a diffusive flux estimator where the weights used in the method enter explicitly, and a non-conforming estimator which is nonzero because of the use of discontinuous finite element spaces. The three estimators can be bounded locally by the approximation error. A particular attention is given to the dependency on problem parameters of the constants in the local lower error bounds. For moderate advection, it is shown that full robustness with respect to diffusion heterogeneities is achieved owing to the specific design of the weights in the discontinuous Galerkin method, while diffusion anisotropies remain purely local and impact the constants through the square root of the condition number of the diffusion tensor. For dominant advection, it is shown, in the spirit of previous work by Verfiirth on continuous finite elements, that the local lower error bounds can be written with constants involving a cut-off for the ratio of local mesh size to the reciprocal of the square root of the lowest local eignevalue of the diffusion tensor.
文摘Background: Ointments, classically used for the treatment of dermatological diseases, are monophasic viscous semisolid formulations. According to the proportion of their compounds, they have physicochemical and organoleptic properties and when applied on skin show a specific behaviour allowing to be spread more or less easily. Objective: To measure in vitro rheological characteristics of three vitamin D derivative ointments prescribed for the treatment of psoriasis, and to compare their viscosity and clinical acceptability when applied on the diseased skin. Methods: Rheological characteristics of tacalcitol 4 μ g/g, calcipotriol 50 μ g/g and calcitriol 3 μ g/g ointments were assessed by measuring the oscillatory viscoelastic parameters and the permanent flow analysis. Clinical acceptability was studied in 20 psoriatic male or female subjects, aged 18 years or older. A survey evaluated the acceptability of calcitriol vs. tacalcitol and calcipotriol. Questions included information about fluidity, spreading capacity and stickiness after application. Results: We demonstrated that viscoelastic parameters were four times higher for ointment tacalcitol than for calcipotriol and calcitriol, corresponding to a higher consistency of ointment tacalcitol compared to calcipotriol and calcitriol showing both similar results; better fluidity was demonstrated by calcitriol than by tacalcitol and calcipotriol. Comparable results were obtained for the quality to be spread. The sensation of stickiness, significantly different between tacalcitol and calcitriol, was not different between calcipotriol and calcitriol. Conclusion: The above results confirmthe relationship between rheological in vitro and sensorial in vivo results: variations between different formulations may have an important influence on non-adherence and treatment failure.
基金Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No KJCX2-YW-L08the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 10720101074 and 11034010the Special Fund for Earthquake Research of China under Grant No 201208011,and CNRS,CNES Special Funds.
文摘We present a micro-gravity experimental study of intermediate number density vibro-fluidized inelastic spheres in a rectangular container.Local velocity distributions are investigated,and are found to deviate measurably from a symmetric distribution for the velocity component of the vibrating direction when dividing particles along the vibration direction into several bins.This feature does not exist in the molecular gas.We further study the hydrodynamic profiles of pressures p and temperatures T in positive and negative components,such as p+y and p-y and T+y and T-y,in accordance with the sign of velocity components of the vibrating direction.Along vibration direction,granular media are found to be not only inhomogeneous and anisotropic,but also different greatly in positive and negative components.Energy equipartition breaks down in this case.
基金We are grateful for financial support by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche(NEOCASTIP ANR-15-CE09-0015-02 project)Direction Générale de l’Armement(AMMIB ANR-13-ASTR-0021-01),by Universities Paris Diderot and Paris Sud and by CNRS.
文摘Optical modeling coupled to experiments show that a microscope operating in reflection mode allows imaging,through solutions or even a microfluidic cover,various kinds of nanoparticles,NPs,over a(reflecting)sensing surface,here a gold(Au)surface.Optical modeling suggests that this configuration enables the interferometric imaging of single NPs which can be characterized individually from local change in the surface reflectivity.The interferometric detection improves the optical limit of detection compared to classical configurations exploiting only the light scattered by the NPs.The method is then tested experimentally,to monitor in situ and in real time,the collision of single Brownian NPs,or optical nanoimpacts,with an Au-sensing surface.First,mimicking a microfluidic biosensor platform,the capture of 300 nm FeOx maghemite NPs from a convective flow by a surface-functionalized Au surface is dynamically monitored.Then,the adsorption or bouncing of individual dielectric(100 nm polystyrene)or metallic(40 and 60 nm silver)NPs is observed directly through the solution.The influence of the electrolyte on the ability of NPs to repetitively bounce or irreversibly adsorb onto the Au surface is evidenced.Exploiting such visualization mode of single-NP optical nanoimpacts is insightful for comprehending single-NP electrochemical studies relying on NP collision on an electrode(electrochemical nanoimpacts).
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 10720101074 and 10874209the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No KJCX2-YW-L08,CSSAR and CNES.
文摘A 3-D molecular dynamics simulation of a bi-disperse vibro-fluidized granular gas in a cyclic three-compartment cell is performed.A cluster of particles is randomly found in one of the compartments.Lohse's flux model is modified to incorporate inelastic particle-boundary colBsions.This model predicts that periodically there is clustering in each compartment.It is then found that if the model is further modified to incorporate Gaussian white noise,it correctly predicts the non-sequential clustering behavior confirming that there is no chaotic behavior.
基金Financial support from the TGE FT-ICR for conducting the research is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘For many years, HUVEC.com1 public database provides biological data relative to the proteome of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HU-VECs), which are the most used human endothelial cell model in vascular biology. The proteins were identified using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) for protein separation coupled with Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) for identification. We present here an important update of HUVEC.com with 521 protein identifications as determined using Fourier transformed ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) applied to an unstained 2-DGE gel cut in 221 squared pieces;each identified protein being accompanied by a semi-quantitative three dimensional visualization is called “score imaging”. The squared analyzed gel and the alphabetical list of identified proteins, linked with their corresponding three-dimensional score imaging, are available at www.huvec.com. This original approach led to the establishment of the most protein-rich and informative database for HUVECs, as well as to the identification of some protein species, in particular with phosphorylation.
