There has recently been a dramatic renewal of interest in hadron spectroscopy and charm physics. This renaissance has been driven in part by the discovery of a plethora of charmonium-like XYZ states at BESⅢ and B fac...There has recently been a dramatic renewal of interest in hadron spectroscopy and charm physics. This renaissance has been driven in part by the discovery of a plethora of charmonium-like XYZ states at BESⅢ and B factories, and the observation of an intriguing proton-antiproton threshold enhancement and the possibly related X(1835) meson state at BESⅢ, as well as the threshold measurements of charm mesons and charm baryons. We present a detailed survey of the important topics in tau-charm physics and hadron physics that can be further explored at BESⅢ during the remaining operation period of BEPCⅡ. This survey will help in the optimization of the data-taking plan over the coming years, and provides physics motivation for the possible upgrade of BEPCⅡ to higher luminosity.展开更多
This study aimed to obtain the first national estimate of the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder(ASD) in Chinese children.We targeted the population of 6 to 12-year-old children for this prevalence study by multis...This study aimed to obtain the first national estimate of the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder(ASD) in Chinese children.We targeted the population of 6 to 12-year-old children for this prevalence study by multistage convenient cluster sampling.The Modified Chinese Autism Spectrum Rating Scale was used for the screening process.Of the target population of 142,086 children,88.5%(n=125,806) participated in the study.A total of 363 children were confirmed as having ASD.The observed ASD prevalence rate was 0.29%(95% CI:0.26%-0.32%) for the overall population.After adjustment for response rates,the estimated number of ASD cases was867 in the target population sample,thereby achieving an estimated prevalence of 0.70%(95% CI:0.64%-0.74%).The prevalence was significantly higher in boys than in girls(0.95%;95% CI:0.87%-1.02% versus 0.30%;95%CI:0.26%-0.34%;P <0.001).Of the 363 confirmed ASD cases,43.3% were newly diagnosed,and most of those(90.4%) were attending regular schools,and 68.8% of the children with ASD had at least one neuropsychiatric comorbidity.Our findings provide reliable data on the estimated ASD prevalence and comorbidities in Chinese children.展开更多
There exist differences in the epidemiological characteristics,clinicopathological features,tumor biological characteristics,treatment patterns,and drug selections between gastric cancer patients from the Eastern and ...There exist differences in the epidemiological characteristics,clinicopathological features,tumor biological characteristics,treatment patterns,and drug selections between gastric cancer patients from the Eastern and Western countries.The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology(CSCO)has organized a panel of senior experts specializing in all sub-specialties of gastric cancer to compile a clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer since 2016 and renews it annually.Taking into account regional differences,giving full consideration to the accessibility of diagnosis and treatment resources,these experts have conducted expert consensus judgment on relevant evidence and made various grades of recommendations for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer to reflect the value of cancer treatment and meeting health economic indexes in China.The 2021 CSCO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Gastric Cancer covers the diagnosis,treatment,follow-up,and screening of gastric cancer.Based on the 2020 version of the CSCO Chinese Gastric Cancer guidelines,this updated guideline integrates the results ofmajor clinical studies from China and overseas for the past year,focused on the inclusion of research data from the Chinese population for more personalized and clinically relevant recommendations.For the comprehensive treatment of non-metastatic gastric cancer,attentions were paid to neoadjuvant treatment.The value of perioperative chemotherapy is gradually becoming clearer and its recommendation level has been updated.For the comprehensive treatment of metastatic gastric cancer,recommendations for immunotherapy were included,and immune checkpoint inhibitors fromthird-line to the first-line of treatment for different patient groups with detailed notes are provided.展开更多
NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways.The canonical NF-κB is activated by various stimuli,transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity,to regulate the expression of various pro...NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways.The canonical NF-κB is activated by various stimuli,transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity,to regulate the expression of various proinflammatory genes and also serve as the critical mediator for inflammatory response.Meanwhile,the activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway occurs through a handful of TNF receptor superfamily members.Since the activation of this pathway involves protein synthesis,the kinetics of non-canonical NF-κB activation is slow but persistent,in concordance with its biological functions in the development of immune cell and lymphoid organ,immune homeostasis and immune response.The activation of the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway is tightly controlled,highlighting the vital roles of ubiquitination in these pathways.Emerging studies indicate that dysregulated NF-κB activity causes inflammation-related diseases as well as cancers,and NF-κB has been long proposed as the potential target for therapy of diseases.This review attempts to summarize our current knowledge and updates on the mechanisms of NF-κB pathway regulation and the potential therapeutic application of inhibition of NF-κB signaling in cancer and inflammatory diseases.展开更多
Seed plants have evolved to maintain the dormancy of freshly matured seeds until the appropriate time for germination. Seed dormancy and germination are distinct physiological processes, and the transition from dorman...Seed plants have evolved to maintain the dormancy of freshly matured seeds until the appropriate time for germination. Seed dormancy and germination are distinct physiological processes, and the transition from dormancy to germination is not only a critical developmental step in the life cycle of plants but is also impor- tant for agricultural production. These processes are precisely regulated by diverse endogenous hormones and environmental cues. Although ABA （abscisic acid） and GAs （gibberellins） are known to be the primary phytohormones that antagonistically regulate seed dormancy, recent findings demonstrate that another phytohormone, auxin, is also critical for inducing and maintaining seed dormancy, and therefore might act as a key protector of seed dormancy. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the sophisticated molecular networks involving the critical roles of phytohormones in regulating seed dormancy and germination, in which AP2-domain-containing transcription factors play key roles. We also discuss the interactions （crosstalk） of diverse hormonal signals in seed dormancy and germination, focusing on the ABA/GA balance that constitutes the central node.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of twostage vs single-stage management for concomitant gallstones and common bile duct stones.METHODS:Four databases,including PubMed,Embase,the Cochrane Central Register o...AIM:To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of twostage vs single-stage management for concomitant gallstones and common bile duct stones.METHODS:Four databases,including PubMed,Embase,the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Science Citation Index up to September 2011,were searched to identify all randomized controlled trials(RCTs).Data were extracted from the studies by two independent reviewers.The primary outcomes were stone clearance from the common bile duct,postoperative morbidity and mortality.The secondary outcomes were conversion to other procedures,number of procedures per patient,length of hospital stay,total operative time,hospitalization charges,patient acceptance and quality of life scores.RESULTS:Seven eligible RCTs [five trials(n = 621) comparing preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)/endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST) + laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC) with LC + laparoscopic common bile duct exploration(LCBDE);two trials(n = 166) comparing postoperative ERCP/EST + LC with LC + LCBDE],composed of 787 patients in total,were included in the final analysis.The metaanalysis detected no statistically significant difference between the two groups in stone clearance from the common bile duct [risk ratios(RR) =-0.10,95% confidence intervals(CI):-0.24 to 0.04,P = 0.17],postoperative morbidity(RR = 0.79,95% CI:0.58 to 1.10,P = 0.16),mortality(RR = 2.19,95% CI:0.33 to 14.67,P = 0.42),conversion to other procedures(RR = 1.21,95% CI:0.54 to 2.70,P = 0.39),length of hospital stay(MD = 0.99,95% CI:-1.59 to 3.57,P = 0.45),total operative time(MD = 12.14,95% CI:-1.83 to 26.10,P = 0.09).Two-stage(LC + ERCP/EST) management clearly required more procedures per patient than single-stage(LC + LCBDE) management.CONCLUSION:Single-stage management is equivalent to two-stage management but requires fewer procedures.However,patient's condition,operator's expertise and local resources should be taken into account in making treatment decisions.展开更多
In 2010, a panel of Chinese pathologists reported the first expert consensus for the pathological diagnosis of primary liver cancers to address the many contradictions and inconsistencies in the pathological character...In 2010, a panel of Chinese pathologists reported the first expert consensus for the pathological diagnosis of primary liver cancers to address the many contradictions and inconsistencies in the pathological characteristics and diagnostic criteria for PLC. Since then considerable clinicopathological studies have been conducted globally, prompting us to update the practice guidelines for the pathological diagnosis of PLC. In April 18, 2014, a Guideline Committee consisting of 40 specialists from seven Chinese Societies(including Chinese Society of Liver Cancer, Chinese Anti-Cancer Association; Liver Cancer Study Group, Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Society of Pathology, Chinese Anti-Cancer Association; Digestive Disease Group, Chinese Society of Pathology, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Society of Surgery, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology, Chinese Anti-Cancer Association; Pathological Group of Hepatobiliary Tumor and Liver Transplantation, Chinese Society of Pathology, Chinese Medical Association) was created for the formulation of the first guidelines for the standardization of the pathological diagnosis of PLC, mainly focusing on the following topics: gross specimen sampling, concepts and diagnostic criteria of small hepatocellular carcinoma(SHCC), microvascular invasion(MVI), satellite nodules,and immunohistochemical and molecular diagnosis. The present updated guidelines are reflective of current clinicopathological studies, and include a novel 7-point baseline sampling protocol, which stipulate that at least four tissue specimens should be sampled at the junction of the tumor and adjacent liver tissues in a 1:1 ratio at the 12, 3, 6 and 9 o'clock reference positions. For the purposes of molecular pathological examination, at least one specimen should be sampled at the intratumoral zone, but more specimens should be sampled for tumors harboring different textures or colors. Specimens should be sampled at both adjacent and distant peri展开更多
Background and Aims:Hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)loss is seldom achieved with nucleos(t)ide analog(NA)therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients but may be enhanced by switching to finite pegylated-interferon(Peg-IF...Background and Aims:Hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)loss is seldom achieved with nucleos(t)ide analog(NA)therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients but may be enhanced by switching to finite pegylated-interferon(Peg-IFN)alfa-2a.We assessed HBsAg loss with 48-and 96-week Peg-IFN alfa-2a in chronic hepatitis B patients with partial response to a previous NA.Methods:Hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg)-positive patients who achieved HBeAg loss and hepatitis B virus DNA<200 IU/mL with previous adefovir,lamivudine or entecavir treatment were randomized 1:1 to receive Peg-IFN alfa-2a for 48(n=153)or 96 weeks(n=150).The primary endpoint of this study was HBsAg loss at end of treatment.The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier is NCT01464281.Results:At the end of 48 and 96 weeks'treatment,14.4%(22/153)and 20.7%(31/150)of patients,respectively,who switched from NA to Peg-IFN alfa-2a cleared HBsAg.Rates were similar irrespective of prior NA or baseline HBeAg seroconversion.Among those who cleared HBsAg by the end of 48 and 96 weeks'treatment,77.8%(14/18)and 71.4%(20/28),respectively,sustained HBsAg loss for a further 48 weeks.Baseline HBsAg<1500 IU/mL and week 24 HBsAg<200 IU/mL were associated with the highest rates of HBsAg loss at the end of both 48-and 96-week treatment(51.4%and 58.7%,respectively).Importantly,extending treatment from 48 to 96 weeks enabled 48.3%(14/29)more patients to achieve HBsAg loss.Conclusions:Patients on long-term NA who are unlikely to meet therapeutic goals can achieve high rates of HBsAg loss by switching to Peg-IFN alfa-2a.HBsAg loss rates may be improved for some patients by extending treatment from 48 to 96 weeks,although the differences in our study cohort were not statistically significant.Baseline and on-treatment HBsAg may predict HBsAg loss with Peg-IFN alfa-2a.展开更多
Objective: A solid understanding of levels and trends of spending on cancer is important to evaluate whether our healthcare resources were wisely spent and to prioritize future resources for cancer treatment and preve...Objective: A solid understanding of levels and trends of spending on cancer is important to evaluate whether our healthcare resources were wisely spent and to prioritize future resources for cancer treatment and prevention. However, studies on economic burden of cancers in China are scant and the results are inconsistent. Methods: The Chinese hospital information database and nearly 350 million inpatient medical record data were used. As the ratios of cancer inpatient payments to total inpatient payments were mainly influenced by the grades and sites of hospitals, the estimates of payments of cancer inpatients in this study were stratified by hospital grades and provinces. Only the payments of cancer inpatients happened in grade 2, grade 3 and specialized cancer hospitals were included in the analyses. The total medical payments of cancers in China were estimated based on the ratios of outpatient payments to inpatient payments in specialized cancer hospitals. Results: From 2011 to 2015, the payments of cancer inpatients in China have increased by 84.1% and the total inpatient payments reached 177.1 billion RMB in 2015, accounting for 4.3% of the total health expenditure in China. Based on the ratio of outpatient payments to inpatient payments, the total payments on cancer treatments in China were estimated to be 221.4 billion RMB in 2015. Among different cancer types, the highest payments were the treatment of trachea, bronchus and lung cancer. The major cancer inpatient payments (67.1% in 2015) spent in grade 3 general hospitals and this ratio increased continually from 2011 to 2015. The expenditure of cancer treatments also varies by region with the major expenditure in the eastern region of China. Conclusions: This study estimated the total payments of cancer treatments in China and analyzed how the money was spent on cancer treatments in the recent 5 years, which would provide information for decision makings on the allocation of resources to service provisioning, prevention strategies, research funding, and 展开更多
Background： Atopic dermatitis （AD） is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by chronic recurrent dermatitis with profound itching. Most patients have personal and/or family history of atopic diseases. Several ...Background： Atopic dermatitis （AD） is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by chronic recurrent dermatitis with profound itching. Most patients have personal and/or family history of atopic diseases. Several criteria have been proposed for the diagnosis of AD. Although the clinical features of childhood AD have been widely studied, there has been less large-scale study on adult/adolescent AD. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features of adult/adolescent patients with chronic symmetrical eczemaJAD and to propose Chinese diagnostic criteria for adult/adolescent AD. Methods： A hospital-based study was performed. Forty-two dermatological centers participated in this study. Adult and adolescent patients （12 years and over） with chronic symmetrical eczema or AD were included in this study. Questionnaires were completed by both patients and-investigators. The valid questionnaires were analyzed using EpiData 3.1 and SPSS 17.0 software. Results： A total of 2662 valid questionnaires were collected （1369 male and 1293 female）. Of all 2662 patients, 2062 （77.5%） patients had the disease after 12 years old, while only 600 （22.5%） patients had the disease before 12 years old, suggesting late-onset eczema/AD is common. Two thousand one hundred and thirty-nine （80.4%） patients had the disease for more than 6 months. One thousand one hundred and forty-four （43.0%） patients had a personal and/or family history of atopic diseases. One thousand five hundred and forty-eight （58.2%） patients had an elevated total serum IgE and/or eosinophilia and/or positive allergen-specific IgE. Based on these clinical and laboratory features, we proposed Chinese criteria for adult/adolescent AD. Of all 2662 patients, 60.3% were satisfied with our criteria, while only 48.2% satisfied with Hanifin Rajka criteria and 32.7% satisfied with Williams criteria, suggesting a good sensitivity of our criteria in adult/adolescent AD patients. Conclusion： Late-onset of eczema or AD is common. Th展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） is one of the most frequent malignant tumors and is the second most common cause of cancer death in China. Therefore, it is very important to detect this disease and the recurrence at ...Hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） is one of the most frequent malignant tumors and is the second most common cause of cancer death in China. Therefore, it is very important to detect this disease and the recurrence at its earlier period. Serum tumor markers, as the effective method for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma for a long time, could be divided into 4 categories： oncofetal antigens and glycoprotein antigens; enzymes and isoenzymes; genes; and cytokines. Serum alpha fetoprotein （AFP） is the most widely used tumor marker in detecting patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and has been proven to have capability of prefiguring the prognosis. However, it has been indicated that AFP-L3 and DCP excel AFP in differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from nonmalignant hepatopathy and detecting small hepatocellular carcinoma. Some tumor markers, such as human cervical cancer oncogene and human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA, have also been indicated to have higher accuracies than AFP. Furthermore, some other tumor markers, such as glypican-3, gamma-glutamyl transferase Ⅱ, alpha-Ifucosidase, transforming growth factor-beta1, tumorspecific growth factor, have been indicated to be available supplementaries to AFP in the detection. AFP mRNA has been shown to correlate with the metastasis and recurrence of HCC, and it may be the most useful marker to prefigure the prognosis. Some other markers, such as gamma-glutamyl transferase mRNA, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin-8, could also be used as available prognostic indicators, and the simultaneous determination of AFP and these markers may detect the recurrence of HCC at its earlier period.展开更多
Litter production, components and dynamics were investigated and forest floor litter was quantified throughout awhole year in three subalpine forests, dominated by tree species of spruce (SF), fir (FF) and birch (BF),...Litter production, components and dynamics were investigated and forest floor litter was quantified throughout awhole year in three subalpine forests, dominated by tree species of spruce (SF), fir (FF) and birch (BF), in WesternSichuan, China, in order to understand the key factors that influenced litter production and dynamics. Litterfall in thethree forests consisted mainly of leaves, woody litter, reproductive organs and moss. Contribution of leaf litter to thetotal litterfall was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that of woody litter, reproductive organs or moss. Regardlessof the stands, litterfall exhibited a marked monthly variation with the maximum litterfall peaks occurring in October,with smaller peaks occurring in February for SF and FF, and May for BF. The analysis indicated that tree species,stand density, leaf area index (LAI), stand basal area and stand age were the key factors determining litter production.Meanwhile tree species and phenology controlled the litter dynamics, with wind and snow modifying the litter componentsand dynamics.展开更多
It has been reported that ACE2 is the main host cell receptor of 2019-nCoV and plays a crucial role in the entry of virus into the cell to cause the final infection. To investigate the potential route of 2019-n Cov in...It has been reported that ACE2 is the main host cell receptor of 2019-nCoV and plays a crucial role in the entry of virus into the cell to cause the final infection. To investigate the potential route of 2019-n Cov infection on the mucosa of oral cavity, bulk RNA-seq profiles from two public databases including The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA) and Functional Annotation of The Mammalian Genome Cap Analysis of Gene Expression(FANTOM5 CAGE) dataset were collected. RNA-seq profiling data of 13 organ types with para-carcinoma normal tissues from TCGA and 14 organ types with normal tissues from FANTOM5 CAGE were analyzed in order to explore and validate the expression of ACE2 on the mucosa of oral cavity. Further, single-cell transcriptomes from an independent data generated in-house were used to identify and confirm the ACE2-expressing cell composition and proportion in oral cavity. The results demonstrated that the ACE2 expressed on the mucosa of oral cavity. Interestingly, this receptor was highly enriched in epithelial cells of tongue. Preliminarily, those findings have explained the basic mechanism that the oral cavity is a potentially high risk for 2019-nCoV infectious susceptibility and provided a piece of evidence for the future prevention strategy in dental clinical practice as well as daily life.展开更多
Wnt signaling transduces evolutionarily conserved pathways which play important roles in initiating and regulating a diverse range of cellular activities,including cell proliferation,calcium homeostasis,and cell polar...Wnt signaling transduces evolutionarily conserved pathways which play important roles in initiating and regulating a diverse range of cellular activities,including cell proliferation,calcium homeostasis,and cell polarity.The role of Wnt signaling in controlling cell proliferation and stem cell self-renewal is primarily carried out through the canonical pathway,which is the best-characterized the multiple Wnt signaling branches.The past 10 years has seen a rapid expansion in our understanding of the complexity of this pathway,as many new components of Wnt signaling have been identified and linked to signaling regulation,stem cell functions,and adult tissue homeostasis.Additionally,a substantial body of evidence links Wnt signaling to tumorigenesis of cancer types and implicates it in the development of cancer drug resistance.Thus,a better understanding of the mechanisms by which dysregulation of Wnt signaling precedes the development and progression of human cancer may hasten the development of pathway inhibitors to augment current therapy.This review summarizes and synthesizes our current knowledge of the canonical Wnt pathway in development and disease.We begin with an overview of the components of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and delve into the role this pathway has been shown to play in stemness,tumorigenesis,and cancer drug resistance.Ultimately,we hope to present an organized collection of evidence implicating Wnt signaling in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance to facilitate the pursuit of Wnt pathway modulators that may improve outcomes of cancers in which Wnt signaling contributes to aggressive disease and/or treatment resistance.展开更多
Background Diabetes management could be improved by diabetes education, through influencing attitudes towards diabetes, knowledge and behaviors of patients. The purpose of this study was to characterize the impact of ...Background Diabetes management could be improved by diabetes education, through influencing attitudes towards diabetes, knowledge and behaviors of patients. The purpose of this study was to characterize the impact of diabetes education on glycemic control, and to assess the attitude, knowledge and self-care behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes in China. Methods This questionnaire-based survey was conducted in 50 medical centers across China from April to July of 2010. The patients with type 2 diabetes were eligible for the study. The information of glycemic control and diabetes education was collected. The diabetes attitude scale-3 formulae, a questionnaire of diabetes knowledge and Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities scale were used to assess attitude, knowledge and the self-care of patients, respectively. Results Among the 5961 eligible respondents （3233 males; mean age （59.50＋12.48） years; mean hemoglobin Alc （HbAlc） （8.27＋2.23）%）, most patients （79.8%） considered themselves educated on diabetes. Compared with patients without diabetes education, their educated counterparts showed significant lower value of HbAlc, after controlling for age, gender, body mass index and duration of diabetes （P 〈0.01）. The patients who received diabetes education also performed significant higher scores on attitude, knowledge and self-care than their uneducated counterparts. Patients with lower income or education level tended to have higher glucose levels, and showed lower percentage of patients received diabetic education. Conclusions Chinese patients with diabetes education achieved better glycemic control than un-educated patients. Our study indicates effort is required to provide professional education to patients, with emphasis on lower income and lower education level populations.展开更多
AIM： To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and tolerance of early removing gastrointestinal decompression and early oral feeding in the patients undergoing surgery for colorectal carcinoma. METHODS： Three hundred and...AIM： To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and tolerance of early removing gastrointestinal decompression and early oral feeding in the patients undergoing surgery for colorectal carcinoma. METHODS： Three hundred and sixteen patients submitted to operations associated with colorectostorny from January 2004 to September 2005 were randomized to two groups： In experimental group （n = 161）, the nasogastric tube was removed after the operation from 12 to 24 hours and was promised immediately oral feeding; In control group （n = 155）, the nasogastric tube was maintained until the passage of flatus per rectum. Variables assessed included the time to first passage of flatus, the time to first passage of stool, the time elapsed postoperative stay, and postoperative complications such as anastornotic leakage, acute dilation of stomach, wound infection and dehiscense, fever, pulmonary infection and pharyngolaryngitis. RESULTS： The median and average days to the first passage of flatus （3.0±0.9 vs 3.6±1.2, P〈0.001）, the first passage of stool （4.1± 1.1 vs 4.8±1.4 P〈0.001） and the length of postoperative stay （8.4±3.4 vs 9.6±5.0, P〈0.05） were shorter in the experimental group than in the control group. The postoperative complications such as anastomotic leakage （1.24% vs 2.58%）, acute dilation of stomach （1.86% vs 0.06%） and wound complications （2.48% vs 1.94%） were similar in the groups, but fever （3.73% vs 9.68%, P〈0.05）, pulmonary infection （0.62% vs 4.52%, P〈0.05） and pharyngolaryngitis （3.11% vs 23.23%, P〈0.001） were much more in the control group than in the experimental group. CONCLUSION： The present study shows that applicationof gastrointestinal decompression after colorectostomy can not effectively reduce postoperative complications. On the contrary, it may increase the incidence rate of fever, pharyngolaryngitis and pulmonary infection. These strategies of early removing gastrointestinal decompression and early oral feeding in the patients underg展开更多
AIM:To investigate the prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy(MHE)and to assess corresponding health-related quality of life(HRQoL)in hospitalized cirrhotic patients in China.METHODS:This multi-center cross-sect...AIM:To investigate the prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy(MHE)and to assess corresponding health-related quality of life(HRQoL)in hospitalized cirrhotic patients in China.METHODS:This multi-center cross-sectional study included 16 teaching hospitals,which were members of "Hepatobiliary Cooperation Group,Society of Gastroenterology,Chinese Medical Association",from different areas of China carried out between June and October in 2011.All the eligible hospitalized cirrhotic patients(n = 538)were required to complete triplicate number connection tests combined with one digit symbol test for diagnosing MHE.Patients' clinical examination data were complemented by a modified questionnaire assessing HRQoL.Written informed consent was obtained from each patient.RESULTS:Male was predominant(68.6%)in 519 patients who met the criteria of the study,with a mean age of 49.17 ± 11.02 years.The most common cause of liver cirrhosis was chronic hepatitis B(55.9%).The prevalence of MHE was 39.9% and varied by ChildPugh-Classification score(CPC-A:24.8%,CPC-B:39.4% and CPC-C:56.1%,P < 0.01).MHE(P < 0.01)and higher CPC scores(P < 0.01)were associated with a high HRQoL scores(reflecting poorer quality of life).The prevalence of MHE was proportionate to CPC(P = 0.01)and high quality of life scores(P = 0.01).CONCLUSION:Hospitalized cirrhotic patients have a high prevalence of MHE that is proportionate to the degree of liver function and HRQoL impairment.展开更多
The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription(JAK/STAT)signaling pathway was discovered more than a quarter-century ago.As a fulcrum of many vital cellular processes,the JAK/STAT pathway constitute...The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription(JAK/STAT)signaling pathway was discovered more than a quarter-century ago.As a fulcrum of many vital cellular processes,the JAK/STAT pathway constitutes a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module and induces the expression of various critical mediators of cancer and inflammation.Growing evidence suggests that dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway is associated with various cancers and autoimmune diseases.In this review,we discuss the current knowledge about the composition,activation,and regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway.Moreover,we highlight the role of the JAK/STAT pathway and its inhibitors in various diseases.展开更多
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death,which is different from apoptosis,necrosis,autophagy,and other forms of cell death.The process of feroptotic cell death is defined by the accumulation of lethal lipid specie...Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death,which is different from apoptosis,necrosis,autophagy,and other forms of cell death.The process of feroptotic cell death is defined by the accumulation of lethal lipid species derived from the peroxidation of lipids,which can be prevented by iron chelators(e.g.deferiprone,deferoxamine)and small lipophilic antioxidants(e.g,ferrostatin,liproxstatin).This review summarizes current knowledge about the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis and its association withseveral pathways,including iron,lipid,and cysteine metabolism.We have further discussed the contribution of ferroptosis to thepathogenesis of several diseases such as cancer,ischemia/reperfusion,and various neurodegenerative diseases(e.g.Alzheimersdisease and Parkinson's disease),and evaluated the therapeutic applications of ferroptosis inhibitors in clinics.展开更多
基金Supported in part by National Key Basic Research Program of China (2015CB856700)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (11335008,11425524, 11625523, 11635010, 11735014, 11822506, 11935018)+18 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Large-Scale Scientific Facility Programthe CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP)Joint Large-Scale Scientific Facility Funds of the NSFC and CAS (U1532257, U1532258, U1732263)CAS Key Research Program of Frontier Science (QYZDJ-SSW-SLH003, QYZDJ-SSW-SLH040)100 Talents Program of CASCAS PIFIthe Thousand Talents Program of ChinaIN-PAC and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and CosmologyGerman Research Foundation DFG under Contracts NosCollaborative Research Center CRC 1044, FOR 2359Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, ItalyKoninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW) (530-4CDP03)Ministry of Development of Turkey (DPT2006K-120470)National Science and Technology fundThe Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Sweden) (2016.0157)The Swedish Research CouncilU. S. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-05ER41374, DESC-0010118, DE-SC-0012069)University of Groningen (Ru G) and the Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung Gmb H (GSI), Darmstadtthe Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education (14.W03.31.0026).
文摘There has recently been a dramatic renewal of interest in hadron spectroscopy and charm physics. This renaissance has been driven in part by the discovery of a plethora of charmonium-like XYZ states at BESⅢ and B factories, and the observation of an intriguing proton-antiproton threshold enhancement and the possibly related X(1835) meson state at BESⅢ, as well as the threshold measurements of charm mesons and charm baryons. We present a detailed survey of the important topics in tau-charm physics and hadron physics that can be further explored at BESⅢ during the remaining operation period of BEPCⅡ. This survey will help in the optimization of the data-taking plan over the coming years, and provides physics motivation for the possible upgrade of BEPCⅡ to higher luminosity.
基金supported by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (201302002,Clinical Trial NCT02200679)。
文摘This study aimed to obtain the first national estimate of the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder(ASD) in Chinese children.We targeted the population of 6 to 12-year-old children for this prevalence study by multistage convenient cluster sampling.The Modified Chinese Autism Spectrum Rating Scale was used for the screening process.Of the target population of 142,086 children,88.5%(n=125,806) participated in the study.A total of 363 children were confirmed as having ASD.The observed ASD prevalence rate was 0.29%(95% CI:0.26%-0.32%) for the overall population.After adjustment for response rates,the estimated number of ASD cases was867 in the target population sample,thereby achieving an estimated prevalence of 0.70%(95% CI:0.64%-0.74%).The prevalence was significantly higher in boys than in girls(0.95%;95% CI:0.87%-1.02% versus 0.30%;95%CI:0.26%-0.34%;P <0.001).Of the 363 confirmed ASD cases,43.3% were newly diagnosed,and most of those(90.4%) were attending regular schools,and 68.8% of the children with ASD had at least one neuropsychiatric comorbidity.Our findings provide reliable data on the estimated ASD prevalence and comorbidities in Chinese children.
文摘There exist differences in the epidemiological characteristics,clinicopathological features,tumor biological characteristics,treatment patterns,and drug selections between gastric cancer patients from the Eastern and Western countries.The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology(CSCO)has organized a panel of senior experts specializing in all sub-specialties of gastric cancer to compile a clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer since 2016 and renews it annually.Taking into account regional differences,giving full consideration to the accessibility of diagnosis and treatment resources,these experts have conducted expert consensus judgment on relevant evidence and made various grades of recommendations for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer to reflect the value of cancer treatment and meeting health economic indexes in China.The 2021 CSCO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Gastric Cancer covers the diagnosis,treatment,follow-up,and screening of gastric cancer.Based on the 2020 version of the CSCO Chinese Gastric Cancer guidelines,this updated guideline integrates the results ofmajor clinical studies from China and overseas for the past year,focused on the inclusion of research data from the Chinese population for more personalized and clinically relevant recommendations.For the comprehensive treatment of non-metastatic gastric cancer,attentions were paid to neoadjuvant treatment.The value of perioperative chemotherapy is gradually becoming clearer and its recommendation level has been updated.For the comprehensive treatment of metastatic gastric cancer,recommendations for immunotherapy were included,and immune checkpoint inhibitors fromthird-line to the first-line of treatment for different patient groups with detailed notes are provided.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(the National Key Research and Development Program 2016YFA0502203,2019YFA0110201,and 2019YFA0110203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91740111,81871232,and 31870881),1.3.5 Project of disciplines of excellence and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics(Z2020001),West China Hospital,Sichuan University.
文摘NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways.The canonical NF-κB is activated by various stimuli,transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity,to regulate the expression of various proinflammatory genes and also serve as the critical mediator for inflammatory response.Meanwhile,the activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway occurs through a handful of TNF receptor superfamily members.Since the activation of this pathway involves protein synthesis,the kinetics of non-canonical NF-κB activation is slow but persistent,in concordance with its biological functions in the development of immune cell and lymphoid organ,immune homeostasis and immune response.The activation of the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway is tightly controlled,highlighting the vital roles of ubiquitination in these pathways.Emerging studies indicate that dysregulated NF-κB activity causes inflammation-related diseases as well as cancers,and NF-κB has been long proposed as the potential target for therapy of diseases.This review attempts to summarize our current knowledge and updates on the mechanisms of NF-κB pathway regulation and the potential therapeutic application of inhibition of NF-κB signaling in cancer and inflammatory diseases.
文摘Seed plants have evolved to maintain the dormancy of freshly matured seeds until the appropriate time for germination. Seed dormancy and germination are distinct physiological processes, and the transition from dormancy to germination is not only a critical developmental step in the life cycle of plants but is also impor- tant for agricultural production. These processes are precisely regulated by diverse endogenous hormones and environmental cues. Although ABA （abscisic acid） and GAs （gibberellins） are known to be the primary phytohormones that antagonistically regulate seed dormancy, recent findings demonstrate that another phytohormone, auxin, is also critical for inducing and maintaining seed dormancy, and therefore might act as a key protector of seed dormancy. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the sophisticated molecular networks involving the critical roles of phytohormones in regulating seed dormancy and germination, in which AP2-domain-containing transcription factors play key roles. We also discuss the interactions （crosstalk） of diverse hormonal signals in seed dormancy and germination, focusing on the ABA/GA balance that constitutes the central node.
文摘AIM:To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of twostage vs single-stage management for concomitant gallstones and common bile duct stones.METHODS:Four databases,including PubMed,Embase,the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Science Citation Index up to September 2011,were searched to identify all randomized controlled trials(RCTs).Data were extracted from the studies by two independent reviewers.The primary outcomes were stone clearance from the common bile duct,postoperative morbidity and mortality.The secondary outcomes were conversion to other procedures,number of procedures per patient,length of hospital stay,total operative time,hospitalization charges,patient acceptance and quality of life scores.RESULTS:Seven eligible RCTs [five trials(n = 621) comparing preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)/endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST) + laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC) with LC + laparoscopic common bile duct exploration(LCBDE);two trials(n = 166) comparing postoperative ERCP/EST + LC with LC + LCBDE],composed of 787 patients in total,were included in the final analysis.The metaanalysis detected no statistically significant difference between the two groups in stone clearance from the common bile duct [risk ratios(RR) =-0.10,95% confidence intervals(CI):-0.24 to 0.04,P = 0.17],postoperative morbidity(RR = 0.79,95% CI:0.58 to 1.10,P = 0.16),mortality(RR = 2.19,95% CI:0.33 to 14.67,P = 0.42),conversion to other procedures(RR = 1.21,95% CI:0.54 to 2.70,P = 0.39),length of hospital stay(MD = 0.99,95% CI:-1.59 to 3.57,P = 0.45),total operative time(MD = 12.14,95% CI:-1.83 to 26.10,P = 0.09).Two-stage(LC + ERCP/EST) management clearly required more procedures per patient than single-stage(LC + LCBDE) management.CONCLUSION:Single-stage management is equivalent to two-stage management but requires fewer procedures.However,patient's condition,operator's expertise and local resources should be taken into account in making treatment decisions.
基金Supported by the Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China No.81221061the National Natural Science Foundation of China No.81072026,No.81272662 and No.81472278
文摘In 2010, a panel of Chinese pathologists reported the first expert consensus for the pathological diagnosis of primary liver cancers to address the many contradictions and inconsistencies in the pathological characteristics and diagnostic criteria for PLC. Since then considerable clinicopathological studies have been conducted globally, prompting us to update the practice guidelines for the pathological diagnosis of PLC. In April 18, 2014, a Guideline Committee consisting of 40 specialists from seven Chinese Societies(including Chinese Society of Liver Cancer, Chinese Anti-Cancer Association; Liver Cancer Study Group, Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Society of Pathology, Chinese Anti-Cancer Association; Digestive Disease Group, Chinese Society of Pathology, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Society of Surgery, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology, Chinese Anti-Cancer Association; Pathological Group of Hepatobiliary Tumor and Liver Transplantation, Chinese Society of Pathology, Chinese Medical Association) was created for the formulation of the first guidelines for the standardization of the pathological diagnosis of PLC, mainly focusing on the following topics: gross specimen sampling, concepts and diagnostic criteria of small hepatocellular carcinoma(SHCC), microvascular invasion(MVI), satellite nodules,and immunohistochemical and molecular diagnosis. The present updated guidelines are reflective of current clinicopathological studies, and include a novel 7-point baseline sampling protocol, which stipulate that at least four tissue specimens should be sampled at the junction of the tumor and adjacent liver tissues in a 1:1 ratio at the 12, 3, 6 and 9 o'clock reference positions. For the purposes of molecular pathological examination, at least one specimen should be sampled at the intratumoral zone, but more specimens should be sampled for tumors harboring different textures or colors. Specimens should be sampled at both adjacent and distant peri
基金The authors would like to thank the patients and their families for their contribution to this studyThis study was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(2008ZX10002-006,2012ZX10002007001,2017ZX10202203-007,2017ZX10202203-008)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81171561,30972584)This study was also supported in part by Shanghai Roche Pharmaceuticals LtdWriting assistance was provided by Stefanie Chuah,from Mudskipper Business Ltd,funded by F Hoffmann-La Roche
文摘Background and Aims:Hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)loss is seldom achieved with nucleos(t)ide analog(NA)therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients but may be enhanced by switching to finite pegylated-interferon(Peg-IFN)alfa-2a.We assessed HBsAg loss with 48-and 96-week Peg-IFN alfa-2a in chronic hepatitis B patients with partial response to a previous NA.Methods:Hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg)-positive patients who achieved HBeAg loss and hepatitis B virus DNA<200 IU/mL with previous adefovir,lamivudine or entecavir treatment were randomized 1:1 to receive Peg-IFN alfa-2a for 48(n=153)or 96 weeks(n=150).The primary endpoint of this study was HBsAg loss at end of treatment.The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier is NCT01464281.Results:At the end of 48 and 96 weeks'treatment,14.4%(22/153)and 20.7%(31/150)of patients,respectively,who switched from NA to Peg-IFN alfa-2a cleared HBsAg.Rates were similar irrespective of prior NA or baseline HBeAg seroconversion.Among those who cleared HBsAg by the end of 48 and 96 weeks'treatment,77.8%(14/18)and 71.4%(20/28),respectively,sustained HBsAg loss for a further 48 weeks.Baseline HBsAg<1500 IU/mL and week 24 HBsAg<200 IU/mL were associated with the highest rates of HBsAg loss at the end of both 48-and 96-week treatment(51.4%and 58.7%,respectively).Importantly,extending treatment from 48 to 96 weeks enabled 48.3%(14/29)more patients to achieve HBsAg loss.Conclusions:Patients on long-term NA who are unlikely to meet therapeutic goals can achieve high rates of HBsAg loss by switching to Peg-IFN alfa-2a.HBsAg loss rates may be improved for some patients by extending treatment from 48 to 96 weeks,although the differences in our study cohort were not statistically significant.Baseline and on-treatment HBsAg may predict HBsAg loss with Peg-IFN alfa-2a.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.71403189)
文摘Objective: A solid understanding of levels and trends of spending on cancer is important to evaluate whether our healthcare resources were wisely spent and to prioritize future resources for cancer treatment and prevention. However, studies on economic burden of cancers in China are scant and the results are inconsistent. Methods: The Chinese hospital information database and nearly 350 million inpatient medical record data were used. As the ratios of cancer inpatient payments to total inpatient payments were mainly influenced by the grades and sites of hospitals, the estimates of payments of cancer inpatients in this study were stratified by hospital grades and provinces. Only the payments of cancer inpatients happened in grade 2, grade 3 and specialized cancer hospitals were included in the analyses. The total medical payments of cancers in China were estimated based on the ratios of outpatient payments to inpatient payments in specialized cancer hospitals. Results: From 2011 to 2015, the payments of cancer inpatients in China have increased by 84.1% and the total inpatient payments reached 177.1 billion RMB in 2015, accounting for 4.3% of the total health expenditure in China. Based on the ratio of outpatient payments to inpatient payments, the total payments on cancer treatments in China were estimated to be 221.4 billion RMB in 2015. Among different cancer types, the highest payments were the treatment of trachea, bronchus and lung cancer. The major cancer inpatient payments (67.1% in 2015) spent in grade 3 general hospitals and this ratio increased continually from 2011 to 2015. The expenditure of cancer treatments also varies by region with the major expenditure in the eastern region of China. Conclusions: This study estimated the total payments of cancer treatments in China and analyzed how the money was spent on cancer treatments in the recent 5 years, which would provide information for decision makings on the allocation of resources to service provisioning, prevention strategies, research funding, and
文摘Background： Atopic dermatitis （AD） is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by chronic recurrent dermatitis with profound itching. Most patients have personal and/or family history of atopic diseases. Several criteria have been proposed for the diagnosis of AD. Although the clinical features of childhood AD have been widely studied, there has been less large-scale study on adult/adolescent AD. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features of adult/adolescent patients with chronic symmetrical eczemaJAD and to propose Chinese diagnostic criteria for adult/adolescent AD. Methods： A hospital-based study was performed. Forty-two dermatological centers participated in this study. Adult and adolescent patients （12 years and over） with chronic symmetrical eczema or AD were included in this study. Questionnaires were completed by both patients and-investigators. The valid questionnaires were analyzed using EpiData 3.1 and SPSS 17.0 software. Results： A total of 2662 valid questionnaires were collected （1369 male and 1293 female）. Of all 2662 patients, 2062 （77.5%） patients had the disease after 12 years old, while only 600 （22.5%） patients had the disease before 12 years old, suggesting late-onset eczema/AD is common. Two thousand one hundred and thirty-nine （80.4%） patients had the disease for more than 6 months. One thousand one hundred and forty-four （43.0%） patients had a personal and/or family history of atopic diseases. One thousand five hundred and forty-eight （58.2%） patients had an elevated total serum IgE and/or eosinophilia and/or positive allergen-specific IgE. Based on these clinical and laboratory features, we proposed Chinese criteria for adult/adolescent AD. Of all 2662 patients, 60.3% were satisfied with our criteria, while only 48.2% satisfied with Hanifin Rajka criteria and 32.7% satisfied with Williams criteria, suggesting a good sensitivity of our criteria in adult/adolescent AD patients. Conclusion： Late-onset of eczema or AD is common. Th
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） is one of the most frequent malignant tumors and is the second most common cause of cancer death in China. Therefore, it is very important to detect this disease and the recurrence at its earlier period. Serum tumor markers, as the effective method for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma for a long time, could be divided into 4 categories： oncofetal antigens and glycoprotein antigens; enzymes and isoenzymes; genes; and cytokines. Serum alpha fetoprotein （AFP） is the most widely used tumor marker in detecting patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and has been proven to have capability of prefiguring the prognosis. However, it has been indicated that AFP-L3 and DCP excel AFP in differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from nonmalignant hepatopathy and detecting small hepatocellular carcinoma. Some tumor markers, such as human cervical cancer oncogene and human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA, have also been indicated to have higher accuracies than AFP. Furthermore, some other tumor markers, such as glypican-3, gamma-glutamyl transferase Ⅱ, alpha-Ifucosidase, transforming growth factor-beta1, tumorspecific growth factor, have been indicated to be available supplementaries to AFP in the detection. AFP mRNA has been shown to correlate with the metastasis and recurrence of HCC, and it may be the most useful marker to prefigure the prognosis. Some other markers, such as gamma-glutamyl transferase mRNA, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin-8, could also be used as available prognostic indicators, and the simultaneous determination of AFP and these markers may detect the recurrence of HCC at its earlier period.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30471378, 90202010 and 30211130504),and the Program of 100 Distinguished Young Scientists of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Litter production, components and dynamics were investigated and forest floor litter was quantified throughout awhole year in three subalpine forests, dominated by tree species of spruce (SF), fir (FF) and birch (BF), in WesternSichuan, China, in order to understand the key factors that influenced litter production and dynamics. Litterfall in thethree forests consisted mainly of leaves, woody litter, reproductive organs and moss. Contribution of leaf litter to thetotal litterfall was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that of woody litter, reproductive organs or moss. Regardlessof the stands, litterfall exhibited a marked monthly variation with the maximum litterfall peaks occurring in October,with smaller peaks occurring in February for SF and FF, and May for BF. The analysis indicated that tree species,stand density, leaf area index (LAI), stand basal area and stand age were the key factors determining litter production.Meanwhile tree species and phenology controlled the litter dynamics, with wind and snow modifying the litter componentsand dynamics.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81520108009,81991502,81771081,and 81991500)the 111 Project of MOE(B14038),China.
文摘It has been reported that ACE2 is the main host cell receptor of 2019-nCoV and plays a crucial role in the entry of virus into the cell to cause the final infection. To investigate the potential route of 2019-n Cov infection on the mucosa of oral cavity, bulk RNA-seq profiles from two public databases including The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA) and Functional Annotation of The Mammalian Genome Cap Analysis of Gene Expression(FANTOM5 CAGE) dataset were collected. RNA-seq profiling data of 13 organ types with para-carcinoma normal tissues from TCGA and 14 organ types with normal tissues from FANTOM5 CAGE were analyzed in order to explore and validate the expression of ACE2 on the mucosa of oral cavity. Further, single-cell transcriptomes from an independent data generated in-house were used to identify and confirm the ACE2-expressing cell composition and proportion in oral cavity. The results demonstrated that the ACE2 expressed on the mucosa of oral cavity. Interestingly, this receptor was highly enriched in epithelial cells of tongue. Preliminarily, those findings have explained the basic mechanism that the oral cavity is a potentially high risk for 2019-nCoV infectious susceptibility and provided a piece of evidence for the future prevention strategy in dental clinical practice as well as daily life.
基金The authors’research efforts were supported in part by research grants from the NIH(AT004418 to TCH)the 973 Program of Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST)of China(#2011CB707900 to TCH)+1 种基金the Scoliosis Research Society(to MJL),MKM was a recipient of Howard Hughes Medical Institute Medical Research FellowshipCS was a recipient of the Pritzker Summer Research Fellowship funded through a NIH T-35 training grant(NIDDK).
文摘Wnt signaling transduces evolutionarily conserved pathways which play important roles in initiating and regulating a diverse range of cellular activities,including cell proliferation,calcium homeostasis,and cell polarity.The role of Wnt signaling in controlling cell proliferation and stem cell self-renewal is primarily carried out through the canonical pathway,which is the best-characterized the multiple Wnt signaling branches.The past 10 years has seen a rapid expansion in our understanding of the complexity of this pathway,as many new components of Wnt signaling have been identified and linked to signaling regulation,stem cell functions,and adult tissue homeostasis.Additionally,a substantial body of evidence links Wnt signaling to tumorigenesis of cancer types and implicates it in the development of cancer drug resistance.Thus,a better understanding of the mechanisms by which dysregulation of Wnt signaling precedes the development and progression of human cancer may hasten the development of pathway inhibitors to augment current therapy.This review summarizes and synthesizes our current knowledge of the canonical Wnt pathway in development and disease.We begin with an overview of the components of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and delve into the role this pathway has been shown to play in stemness,tumorigenesis,and cancer drug resistance.Ultimately,we hope to present an organized collection of evidence implicating Wnt signaling in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance to facilitate the pursuit of Wnt pathway modulators that may improve outcomes of cancers in which Wnt signaling contributes to aggressive disease and/or treatment resistance.
文摘Background Diabetes management could be improved by diabetes education, through influencing attitudes towards diabetes, knowledge and behaviors of patients. The purpose of this study was to characterize the impact of diabetes education on glycemic control, and to assess the attitude, knowledge and self-care behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes in China. Methods This questionnaire-based survey was conducted in 50 medical centers across China from April to July of 2010. The patients with type 2 diabetes were eligible for the study. The information of glycemic control and diabetes education was collected. The diabetes attitude scale-3 formulae, a questionnaire of diabetes knowledge and Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities scale were used to assess attitude, knowledge and the self-care of patients, respectively. Results Among the 5961 eligible respondents （3233 males; mean age （59.50＋12.48） years; mean hemoglobin Alc （HbAlc） （8.27＋2.23）%）, most patients （79.8%） considered themselves educated on diabetes. Compared with patients without diabetes education, their educated counterparts showed significant lower value of HbAlc, after controlling for age, gender, body mass index and duration of diabetes （P 〈0.01）. The patients who received diabetes education also performed significant higher scores on attitude, knowledge and self-care than their uneducated counterparts. Patients with lower income or education level tended to have higher glucose levels, and showed lower percentage of patients received diabetic education. Conclusions Chinese patients with diabetes education achieved better glycemic control than un-educated patients. Our study indicates effort is required to provide professional education to patients, with emphasis on lower income and lower education level populations.
文摘AIM： To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and tolerance of early removing gastrointestinal decompression and early oral feeding in the patients undergoing surgery for colorectal carcinoma. METHODS： Three hundred and sixteen patients submitted to operations associated with colorectostorny from January 2004 to September 2005 were randomized to two groups： In experimental group （n = 161）, the nasogastric tube was removed after the operation from 12 to 24 hours and was promised immediately oral feeding; In control group （n = 155）, the nasogastric tube was maintained until the passage of flatus per rectum. Variables assessed included the time to first passage of flatus, the time to first passage of stool, the time elapsed postoperative stay, and postoperative complications such as anastornotic leakage, acute dilation of stomach, wound infection and dehiscense, fever, pulmonary infection and pharyngolaryngitis. RESULTS： The median and average days to the first passage of flatus （3.0±0.9 vs 3.6±1.2, P〈0.001）, the first passage of stool （4.1± 1.1 vs 4.8±1.4 P〈0.001） and the length of postoperative stay （8.4±3.4 vs 9.6±5.0, P〈0.05） were shorter in the experimental group than in the control group. The postoperative complications such as anastomotic leakage （1.24% vs 2.58%）, acute dilation of stomach （1.86% vs 0.06%） and wound complications （2.48% vs 1.94%） were similar in the groups, but fever （3.73% vs 9.68%, P〈0.05）, pulmonary infection （0.62% vs 4.52%, P〈0.05） and pharyngolaryngitis （3.11% vs 23.23%, P〈0.001） were much more in the control group than in the experimental group. CONCLUSION： The present study shows that applicationof gastrointestinal decompression after colorectostomy can not effectively reduce postoperative complications. On the contrary, it may increase the incidence rate of fever, pharyngolaryngitis and pulmonary infection. These strategies of early removing gastrointestinal decompression and early oral feeding in the patients underg
文摘AIM:To investigate the prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy(MHE)and to assess corresponding health-related quality of life(HRQoL)in hospitalized cirrhotic patients in China.METHODS:This multi-center cross-sectional study included 16 teaching hospitals,which were members of "Hepatobiliary Cooperation Group,Society of Gastroenterology,Chinese Medical Association",from different areas of China carried out between June and October in 2011.All the eligible hospitalized cirrhotic patients(n = 538)were required to complete triplicate number connection tests combined with one digit symbol test for diagnosing MHE.Patients' clinical examination data were complemented by a modified questionnaire assessing HRQoL.Written informed consent was obtained from each patient.RESULTS:Male was predominant(68.6%)in 519 patients who met the criteria of the study,with a mean age of 49.17 ± 11.02 years.The most common cause of liver cirrhosis was chronic hepatitis B(55.9%).The prevalence of MHE was 39.9% and varied by ChildPugh-Classification score(CPC-A:24.8%,CPC-B:39.4% and CPC-C:56.1%,P < 0.01).MHE(P < 0.01)and higher CPC scores(P < 0.01)were associated with a high HRQoL scores(reflecting poorer quality of life).The prevalence of MHE was proportionate to CPC(P = 0.01)and high quality of life scores(P = 0.01).CONCLUSION:Hospitalized cirrhotic patients have a high prevalence of MHE that is proportionate to the degree of liver function and HRQoL impairment.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFC0860200)Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan Province(2020YFS0008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81902662)。
文摘The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription(JAK/STAT)signaling pathway was discovered more than a quarter-century ago.As a fulcrum of many vital cellular processes,the JAK/STAT pathway constitutes a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module and induces the expression of various critical mediators of cancer and inflammation.Growing evidence suggests that dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway is associated with various cancers and autoimmune diseases.In this review,we discuss the current knowledge about the composition,activation,and regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway.Moreover,we highlight the role of the JAK/STAT pathway and its inhibitors in various diseases.
基金Supported by funds from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2018YFC1312300)The National Natural Science Foundation of China(81722016,82071191)The Alzheimer’s Association(AARFD-16-442821).
文摘Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death,which is different from apoptosis,necrosis,autophagy,and other forms of cell death.The process of feroptotic cell death is defined by the accumulation of lethal lipid species derived from the peroxidation of lipids,which can be prevented by iron chelators(e.g.deferiprone,deferoxamine)and small lipophilic antioxidants(e.g,ferrostatin,liproxstatin).This review summarizes current knowledge about the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis and its association withseveral pathways,including iron,lipid,and cysteine metabolism.We have further discussed the contribution of ferroptosis to thepathogenesis of several diseases such as cancer,ischemia/reperfusion,and various neurodegenerative diseases(e.g.Alzheimersdisease and Parkinson's disease),and evaluated the therapeutic applications of ferroptosis inhibitors in clinics.
