Although Inonotus linteus complex is placed in the genusInonotus,its perennial basidiocarps with a dimitic hyphal system,at least in the trama,distinguish the complex from other species in the genus,which have an annu...Although Inonotus linteus complex is placed in the genusInonotus,its perennial basidiocarps with a dimitic hyphal system,at least in the trama,distinguish the complex from other species in the genus,which have an annual habit and a monomitic hyphal system.The species number of Inonotus linteus complex has been increased in China and tropical America in recent publications.However,whether species in this complex belong to Inonotus has not specifically been addressed.To explore the phylogenetic placement of species of Inonotus linteus complex,we performed a comprehensive study using morphological and phylogenetic data based on global samples.nLSU(53 with 13 new)and ITS(70 with 18 new)datasets were used to produce the phylogenetic results.Taking into consideration the phylogenies inferred from the nLSU and ITS datasets,Inonotus is a polyphyletic genus comprising at least three clades.Clade A,the core Inonotus clade,contains the generic type,Inonotus hispidus,while Clades B and C comprise species from the Inonotus linteus complex.Morphological and phylogenetic evidence indicates that Clades B and C are new genera,and Sanghuangporus and Tropicoporus are introduced in this study.Ten species are transferred to Sanghuangporus and seven to Tropicoporus.Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T.guanacastensis spp.nov.are described,and their distinctive characters are discussed.Keys to the two new genera and the Inonotus sensu stricto,and to species of each new genus are provided.展开更多
Notes on 113 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper,including 11 new genera,89 new species,one new subspecies,three new combinations and seven reference specimens.Awide geographic and taxonomic range of fungal taxa ar...Notes on 113 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper,including 11 new genera,89 new species,one new subspecies,three new combinations and seven reference specimens.Awide geographic and taxonomic range of fungal taxa are detailed.In the Ascomycota the new genera Angustospora(Testudinaceae),Camporesia(Xylariaceae),Clematidis,Crassiparies(Pleosporales genera incertae sedis),Farasanispora,Longiostiolum(Pleosporales genera incertae sedis),Multilocularia(Parabambusicolaceae),Neophaeocryptopus(Dothideaceae),Parameliola(Pleosporales genera incertae sedis),and Towyspora(Lentitheciaceae)are introduced.Newly introduced species are Angustospora nilensis,Aniptodera aquibella,Annulohypoxylon albidiscum,Astrocystis thailandica,Camporesia sambuci,Clematidis italica,Colletotrichum menispermi,C.quinquefoliae,Comoclathris pimpinellae,Crassiparies quadrisporus,Cytospora salicicola,Diatrype thailandica,Dothiorella rhamni,Durotheca macrostroma,Farasanispora avicenniae,Halorosellinia rhizophorae,Humicola koreana,Hypoxylon lilloi,Kirschsteiniothelia tectonae,Lindgomyces okinawaensis,Longiostiolum tectonae,Lophiostoma pseudoarmatisporum,Moelleriella phukhiaoensis,M.pongdueatensis,Mucoharknessia anthoxanthi,Multilocularia bambusae,Multiseptospora thysanolaenae,Neophaeocryptopus cytisi,Ocellularia arachchigei,O.ratnapurensis,Ochronectria thailandica,Ophiocordyceps karstii,Parameliola acaciae,P.dimocarpi,Parastagonospora cumpignensis,Pseudodidymosphaeria phlei,Polyplosphaeria thailandica,Pseudolachnella brevifusiformis,Psiloglonium macrosporum,Rhabdodiscus albodenticulatus,Rosellinia chiangmaiensis,Saccothecium rubi,Seimatosporium pseudocornii,S.pseudorosae,Sigarispora ononidis and Towyspora aestuari.New combinations are provided for Eutiarosporella dactylidis(sexual morph described and illus trated)and Pseudocamarosporium pini.Descriptions,illustrations and/or reference specimens are designated for Aposphaeria corallinolutea,Cryptovalsa ampelina,Dothiorella vidmadera,Ophiocordyceps formosana,Petrakia echinata,Phragmoporthe conformis and Pse展开更多
The Inonotus linteus complex comprises several closely related species characterized by pileate basidiomes,a heterogeneous hyphal system with a monomitic context and a dimitic hymenophoral trama.Setae are hymenial and...The Inonotus linteus complex comprises several closely related species characterized by pileate basidiomes,a heterogeneous hyphal system with a monomitic context and a dimitic hymenophoral trama.Setae are hymenial and basidiospores are broadly ellipsoid to subglobose,yellowish and thick-walled.Research to understand this complex have been particularly noticeable in East Asia.In the present paper,the complex was studied at a larger scale,including samples from Mesoamerica.Inonotus linteus,an epitype of this species being designated here,is circumscribed as a narrow sense based on morphological and phylogenetic data,and this has lead to delimiting a new species from Mesoamerica,viz.I.cubensis,and provides evidence for two additional species,I.alpinus and I.zonatus,from East Asia.Phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences also confirmed the status of I.baumii,I.linteus,I.lonicericola,I.lonicerinus,I.vaninii,I.sanghuang,I.weigelae and I.weirianus as distinct taxa,while I.tenuicontextus is considered to be a synonym of I.weigelae.A key to 11 species in the complex is provided.展开更多
Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on the brown-rot fungi,Fomitopsis and its related genera,are carried out.On the basis of morphological characters and phylogenetic evidence of DNA sequences of multiple loci includin...Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on the brown-rot fungi,Fomitopsis and its related genera,are carried out.On the basis of morphological characters and phylogenetic evidence of DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer(ITS)regions,the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nLSU),the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nSSU),the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences(mtSSU),the translation elongation factor 1-αgene(tef1)and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II(rpb2),six new genera,Fragifomes,Niveoporofomes,Piptoporellus,Rhodofomitopsis,Rubellofomes and Ungulidaedalea are established.Four new species,Buglossoporus eucalypticola,Daedalea allantoidea,Piptoporellus hainanensis and P.triqueter are descibed from China.Illustrated descriptions of the novel species are provided.Identification keys to Fomitopsis and its related genera,as well as keys to the species of each genus are provided.展开更多
The study focuses on assessing the financial management practices and accounting mechanisms in agricultural cooperatives in Tulsipur Sub-Metropolitan,Dang District,Nepal with a focus on understanding their implication...The study focuses on assessing the financial management practices and accounting mechanisms in agricultural cooperatives in Tulsipur Sub-Metropolitan,Dang District,Nepal with a focus on understanding their implications for financial performance and organizational effectiveness.The sample size of total cooperatives(n=46)was divided into Savings and Credit Cooperatives(n=18)and Multipurpose Cooperatives(n=28),respectively,with a total number of respondents(n=138)categorized into managing directors,employees,and general members.Using a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative analysis of financial data with qualitative insights gathered through interviews and surveys,the study emphasizes the importance of modern financial practices,improved reporting mechanisms,and relevant staff training for long-term sustainability.Recommendations include the integration of criteria and evaluation tools to assess cooperative performance,with Hamro Pahunch Multipurpose Cooperative identified as a high performer.Emphasizing the need for robust financial management strategies to navigate the complexity of the agricultural sector,manage risks,and achieve sustainable development,the study notes frequent preparation of financial management reports on a monthly and annual basis,and predominantly annual accounting management.Most cooperatives are using computerized models to present financial positions,but face challenges such as lack of marketing infrastructure,cooperative skills,and technical support.Ultimately,the study advocates for educating policy makers,cooperative leaders,practitioners and stakeholders on the role of effective financial management and accounting in enhancing the resilience,expansion and socio-economic impact of agricultural cooperatives,thereby fostering their long-term prosperity and viability as drivers of rural development and empowerment.展开更多
Individuals in the process of encountering a novel environment face several new selective pressures that can lead to changes in phenotypes,which provides an exciting opportunity to study microevolutionary processes.En...Individuals in the process of encountering a novel environment face several new selective pressures that can lead to changes in phenotypes,which provides an exciting opportunity to study microevolutionary processes.Environmental novelty encompasses a variety of changes in the socioecological world of an individual,as well as situations for which animals lack eco-evolutionary experience(e.g.,Saul et al.2013;Heger et al.2019).展开更多
Background and aim In-stent restenosis(ISR)belongs to an infrequent but potentially serious complication after carotid angioplasty and stenting in patients with severe carotid stenosis.Some of these patients might be ...Background and aim In-stent restenosis(ISR)belongs to an infrequent but potentially serious complication after carotid angioplasty and stenting in patients with severe carotid stenosis.Some of these patients might be contraindicated to repeat percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with or without stenting(rePTA/S).The purpose of the study is to compare the safety and effectiveness of carotid endarterectomy with stent removal(CEASR)and rePTA/S in patients with carotid ISR.Methods Consecutive patients with carotid ISR(≥80%)were randomly allocated to the CEASR or rePTA/S group.The incidence of restenosis after intervention,stroke,transient ischaemic attack myocardial infarction and death 30 days and 1 year after intervention and restenosis 1 year after intervention between patients in CEASR and rePTA/S groups were statistically evaluated.Results A total of 31 patients were included in the study;14 patients(9 males;mean age 66.3±6.6 years)were allocated to CEASR and 17 patients(10 males;mean age 68.8±5.6 years)to the rePTA/S group.The implanted stent in carotid restenosis was successfully removed in all patients in the CEASR group.No clinical vascular event was recorded periproceduraly,30 days and 1 year after intervention in both groups.Only one patient in the CEASR group had asymptomatic occlusion of the intervened carotid artery within 30 days and one patient died in the rePTA/S group within 1 year after intervention.Restenosis after intervention was significantly greater in the rePTA/S group(mean 20.9%)than in the CEASR group(mean 0%,p=0.04),but all stenoses were<50%.Incidence of 1-year restenosis that was≥70%did not differ between the rePTA/S and CEASR groups(4 vs 1 patient;p=0.233).Conclusion CEASR seems to be effective and save procedures for patients with carotid ISR and might be considered as a treatment option.展开更多
Movement activity levels of wild animals often differ consistently among individuals,reflecting different behavioral types.Previous studies have shown that laboratory-scored activity can predict several ecologically r...Movement activity levels of wild animals often differ consistently among individuals,reflecting different behavioral types.Previous studies have shown that laboratory-scored activity can predict several ecologically relevant characteristics.In an experiment on wild brown trout Salmo trutta,spanning from June to October,we investigated how spring swimming activity,measured in a standardized laboratory test,related to relative recapture probability in autumn.Based on laboratory activity scores,individuals clustered into 2 groups,which showed contrasting patterns in the size-dependency of their recapture probability.Size had a slightly positive effect on recapture probability for passive fish but a clear negative effect on active fish.Our results show that the population structure in a cohort,in terms of relative proportions of behavioral types in different size classes,can vary over time.The results of this study could depend on either selective mortality or migration.However,selective disappearance of individuals with specific phenotypes,regardless of the mechanism,will have implications for trout population management,such as stocking efficiency of hatchery fish with high growth rates or maintenance of fishways past migration barriers.展开更多
Species of the Trichophyton benhamiae complex are predominantly zoophilic pathogens with a worldwide distribution.These pathogens have recently become important due to their epidemic spread in pets and pet owners.Cons...Species of the Trichophyton benhamiae complex are predominantly zoophilic pathogens with a worldwide distribution.These pathogens have recently become important due to their epidemic spread in pets and pet owners.Considerable genetic and phenotypic variability has been revealed in these emerging pathogens,but the species limits and host spectra have not been clearly elucidated.In this study,we used an approach combining phylogenetic analysis based on four loci,population-genetic data,phenotypic and physiological analysis,mating type gene characterization and ecological data to resolve the taxonomy of these pathogens.This approach supported the inclusion of nine taxa in the complex,including three new species and one new variety.Trichophyton benhamiae var.luteum var.nov.(“yellow phenotype”strains)is currently a major cause of zoonotic tinea corporis and capitis in Europe(mostly transmitted from guinea pigs).The isolates of the“white phenotype”do not form a monophyletic group and are segregated into three taxa,T.benhamiae var.benhamiae(mostly North America;dogs),T.europaeum sp.nov.(mostly Europe;guinea pigs),and T.japonicum sp.nov.(predominant in East Asia but also found in Europe;rabbits and guinea pigs).The new species T.africanum sp.nov.is proposed for the“African”race of T.benhamiae.The introduction to new geographic areas and host jump followed by extinction of one mating type gene have played important roles in the evolution of these pathogens.Due to considerable phenotypic similarity of many dermatophytes and phenomena such as incomplete lineage sorting or occasional hybridization and introgression,we demonstrate the need to follow polyphasic approach in species delimitation.Neutrally evolving and noncoding DNA regions showed significantly higher discriminatory power compared to conventional protein-coding loci.Diagnostic options for species identification in practice based on molecular markers,phenotype and MALDI-TOF spectra are presented.A microsatellite typing scheme developed in this study is展开更多
Currently,new species of freshwater fish trypanosomes,which are economically important parasites,are being described based on subjectively selected features,i.e.,their cell morphology and the host species.We have perf...Currently,new species of freshwater fish trypanosomes,which are economically important parasites,are being described based on subjectively selected features,i.e.,their cell morphology and the host species.We have performed detailed phylogenetic and haplotype diversity analyses of all 18S rRNA genes available for freshwater fish trypanosomes,including the newly obtained sequences of Trypanosoma carassii and Trypanosoma danilewskyi.Based on a sequence similarity of 99.5%,we divide these trypanosomes into 15 operational taxonomic units,and propose three nominal scenarios for distinguishing T.carassii and other aquatic trypanosomes.We find evidences for the existence of a low number of freshwater fish trypanosomes,with T.carassii having the widest geographic and host ranges.Our analyses support the existence of an umbrella complex composed of T.carassii and two sister species.展开更多
We prove the existence of an analogy between spatial long-range interactions,which are of the convolution-type introduced in non-relativistic quantum mechanics,and the generalized uncertainty principle predicted from ...We prove the existence of an analogy between spatial long-range interactions,which are of the convolution-type introduced in non-relativistic quantum mechanics,and the generalized uncertainty principle predicted from quantum gravity theories.As an illustration,black hole temperature effects are discussed.It is observed that for specific choices of the moment's kernels,cold black holes may emerge in the theory.展开更多
Species delimitation is one of the most fundamental processes in biology.Biodiversity undertakings,for instance,require explicit species concepts and criteria for species delimitation in order to be relevant and trans...Species delimitation is one of the most fundamental processes in biology.Biodiversity undertakings,for instance,require explicit species concepts and criteria for species delimitation in order to be relevant and translatable.However,a perfect species concept does not exist for Fungi.Here,we review the species concepts commonly used in Basidiomycota,the second largest phylum of Fungi that contains some of the best known species of mushrooms,rusts,smuts,and jelly fungi.In general,best practice is to delimitate species,publish new taxa,and conduct taxonomic revisions based on as many independent lines of evidence as possible,that is,by applying a so-called unifying(or integrative)conceptual framework.However,the types of data used vary considerably from group to group.For this reason we discuss the different classes of Basidiomycota,and for each provide:(i)a general introduction with difficulties faced in species recognition,(ii)species concepts and methods for species delimitation,and(iii)community recommendations and conclusions.展开更多
Forest practices in headwater catchments are related to environmental and social contexts.The aim of this study is to analyse the changing protective functions of forests in the upper plain of the Jizera Mts.(North Bo...Forest practices in headwater catchments are related to environmental and social contexts.The aim of this study is to analyse the changing protective functions of forests in the upper plain of the Jizera Mts.(North Bohemia,Czech Republic)since the second half of the 19th century.With time,forests have gradually changed from native stands to spruce plantations(Picea abies),introducing exotic conifers(more resistant to air pollution),and,recently,back to more diverse mixed stands.The priority in pro-tective forest functions there shifted from flood protection to integrated control of water resources(quantity and quality).In the 1980s,forest-water interactions were degraded by consequences of extreme acid atmospheric deposition,forest die-back,and extensive clear-cut.In the Jizerka catchment,first signs of recovery were observed in the early 1990s.but.stream waters there are still affected by prolonged acidification.While reconstruction of stream water chemistry at Jizerka follows the drop of the acid deposition in some 5 years,the revival of stream biota takes 10-15 years.In 2071-2100,the pro-jected climate change shows rising annual air temperatures by 3.0-4.6℃,decreasing water yield by 65-123 mm,60%drop in'minimum residual discharge',and 20-30%rise in peak-flows.However,these projected environmental changes cannot substantially decline the high potential in water resource recharge,or,start reverse processes in recent recovery from acidification and radically affect the exis-tence of planned mixed forests in the upper plain of the Jizera Mts.展开更多
Polyporus accommodates species with stipitate basidiocarps,a dimitic hyphal system with skeleto-binding hyphae,and hyaline,thin-walled,more or less cylindrical basidiospores.The species of Polyporus are divided into s...Polyporus accommodates species with stipitate basidiocarps,a dimitic hyphal system with skeleto-binding hyphae,and hyaline,thin-walled,more or less cylindrical basidiospores.The species of Polyporus are divided into six morphological groups,of which Melanopus is characterized by coriaceous basidiocarps,thin context and a black cuticle on the stipe.In this study,we explore the phylogeny and species diversity of Polyporus sensu lato focusing on the group Melanopus based on global samples.Our combined ITS and nLSU dataset included 117 collections represented by 117 ITS and 94 nLSU sequences,of which 43 ITS and 37 nLSU sequences were newly generated.The resulting phylogenetic analysis recovered four clades,Favolus,Neofavolus,Melanopus and Polyporellus clades,while several species in the morphological groups Melanopus and Polyporus were outside these clades.Combined with morphological evidence,three new species in the Melanopus clade,Polyporus americanus,P.austroandinus and P.conifericola,are newly described and illustrated,and their distinctive characters are discussed.The illegitimate name Polyporus fraxineus is renamed as Polyporus fraxinicola.The phylogeny and taxonomy of each species in group Melanopus(morphology)or Melanopus clade(phylogeny)and related species are briefly discussed.展开更多
Background and purpose Triage tools to identify candidates for thrombectomy are of utmost importance in acute stroke.No prognostic tool has yet gained any widespread use.We compared the predictive value of various mod...Background and purpose Triage tools to identify candidates for thrombectomy are of utmost importance in acute stroke.No prognostic tool has yet gained any widespread use.We compared the predictive value of various models based on National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)subitems,ranging from simple to more complex models,for predicting large artery occlusion(LAO)in anterior circulation stroke.Methods Patients registered in the SITS international Stroke Register with available NIHSS and radiological arterial occlusion data were analysed.We compared 2042 patients harbouring an LAO with 2881 patients having no/distal occlusions.Using binary logistic regression,we developed models ranging from simple 1 NIHSS-subitem to full NIHSS-subitems models.Sensitivities and specificities of the models for predicting LAO were examined.results The model with highest predictive value included all NIHSS subitems for predicting LAO(area under the curve(AUC)0.77),yielding a sensitivity and specificity of 69%and 76%,respectively.The second most predictive model(AUC 0.76)included 4-NIHSS-subitems(level of consciousness commands,gaze,facial and arm motor function)yielding a sensitivity and specificity of 67%and 75%,respectively.The simplest model included only deficits in arm motor-function(AUC 0.72)for predicting LAO,yielding a sensitivity and specificity of 67%and 72%,respectively.Conclusions Although increasingly more complex models yield a higher discriminative performance for predicting LAO,differences between models are not large.Assessing grade of arm dysfunction along with an established stroke-diagnosis model may serve as a surrogate measure of arterial occlusion-status,thereby assisting in triage decisions.展开更多
The phylogenetic relationships among imported ornamental crayfish belonging to the genus Cherax were inferred from a combined dataset of 3 mitochondrial genes(COI,16S and 12S)and by comparison with availab...The phylogenetic relationships among imported ornamental crayfish belonging to the genus Cherax were inferred from a combined dataset of 3 mitochondrial genes(COI,16S and 12S)and by comparison with available GenBank sequences of 14 Cherax species.Furthermore,the concordance of previously described species obtained from a wholesaler(Cherax boesemani,C.holthuisi and C.peknyi)with available GenBank sequences was verified based on COI with special respect to comparison with sequences assigned as Cherax species.Recently described species C.gherardiae,C.pulcher and C.subterigneus belong to the northern group of Cherax species.Comparison and analysis with other GenBank COI sequences show previously unreported diversity of New Guinean species,suggesting 5 putative new species.Surprisingly,species assigned to the subgenus Astaconephrops do not form a monophyletic clade;this subgenus should be reappraised relative to the purported typical morphological characteristic of the uncalcified patch on male chelae.Increasing importation of crayfish underscores the importance of accurate species identification.Use of basic molecular methods is a necessary requisite for documenting occurrence,abundance and population trends of target species.Consequently,it helps to support eventual conservation decision-making by stakeholders.展开更多
Molecular rotors are an important class of dynamic molecules which have been studied not only for their possible uses as components of molecular machines but also because of potential applications as probes of local v...Molecular rotors are an important class of dynamic molecules which have been studied not only for their possible uses as components of molecular machines but also because of potential applications as probes of local viscosity in biological media,especially self-assembled membranes.For the former,factors affecting rotational motility are critical while for the latter the rotor activity must be complexed with an output signal(often fluorescence)for reporting of local conditions.Molecular single stator-double rotor activity of an oxidized resorcinarene(fuchsonarene)macrocycle containing unsaturated hemiquinonoid groups at its meso positions was investigated.Fuchsonarenes contain two hemiquinonoid substituents at diagonally-opposed meso-positions with two electron rich phenol groups at the remaining meso-positions between the hemiquinonoid groups.All meso-substituents are in proximity at one side of the resorcinarene macrocycle(so-called rccc-type isomer)with rotational activity of the phenol meso-substituents.Rotation rates of the phenol moieties can be controlled by varying temperature,solvent polarity and acidity of the medium of study with rotation being thermally activated in neutral and acidic media and tunable in the range from 2 s^(−1) to 20000 s^(−1).Experimental and computational data indicate that rotation of the mobile phenol meso-substituents is remotely affected by interactions with acidic solvents at the carbonyl CvO groups of macrocyclic acetyloxy groups,which occurs with the emergence of a lower energy electronic absorption band whose intensity is correlated with both the acidity of the medium and the rotation rate of the phenol substituents.Time-dependent DFT calculations suggest that the low energy band is due to a molecular conformational adjustment affecting electronic conjugation caused by strong interaction of macrocyclic acetyloxy carbonyl groups with the acid medium.The work presents a molecular mechanical model for estimating solution acidity and also gives insight into a possible method展开更多
Background:The behavioural repertoire of every species evolved over time and its evolution can be traced through the phylogenetic relationships in distinct groups.Cranes(family Gruidae)represent a small,old,monophylet...Background:The behavioural repertoire of every species evolved over time and its evolution can be traced through the phylogenetic relationships in distinct groups.Cranes(family Gruidae)represent a small,old,monophyletic group with well-corroborated phylogenetic relationships on the species level,and at the same time they exhibit a complex and well-described behavioural repertoire.Methods:We therefore investigated the evolution of behavioural traits of cranes in a phylogenetic context using several phylogenetic approaches and two types of trait scoring.The cranes exhibit more than a hundred behavioural displays,almost one third of which may be phylogenetically informative.Results:More than half of the analysed traits carry a significant phylogenetic signal.The ancestor of cranes already exhibited a quite complex behavioural repertoire,which remained unchanged in Balearicinae but altered greatly in Gruinae,specifically by the shedding of traits rather than their creation.Trait scoring has an influence on results within the Gruinae,primarily in genera Bugeranus and Anthropoides.Conclusions:Albeit the behavioural traits alone cannot be used for resolving species-level relationships within the Gruidae,when optimized on molecular tree,they can help us to detect interesting evolutionary transformations of behaviour repertoire within Gruiformes.The Limpkin(Aramus guarauna)seems to be the most enigmatic species and should be studied in detail for its behavioural repertoire,which may include some precursors of crane behavioural traits.展开更多
The Aspergillus viridinutans complex includes morphologically similar,soil-inhabiting species.Although its species boundaries have not been fully defined,many isolates from the complex have been isolated as opportunis...The Aspergillus viridinutans complex includes morphologically similar,soil-inhabiting species.Although its species boundaries have not been fully defined,many isolates from the complex have been isolated as opportunistic human and animal pathogens.In the present study,these species were dominant in spoil sites subjected to various types of reclamation management after coal mining.These species were characterised using two different PCR-fingerprinting methods,sequence data from the β-tubulin(benA)and calmodulin(caM)genes,macro-and micromorphology(optical and scanning electron microscopy),maximum growth temperatures and mating experiments.In addition,RNA polymerase II gene(RPB2),actin(act1)and ITS sequences were deposited for the ex-type isolates of newly described species.The mating experiment results,phylogenetic analyses and ascospore morphology suggested the presence of five species in the A.viridinutans complex.Aspergillus aureolus(syn.Neosartorya aureola)was the only homothallic species.Three species,A.felis,A.udagawae(syn.N.udagawae)and A.wyomingensis sp.nov.,were heterothallic and their morphologically distinguishable teleomorph was induced by systematic mating experiments.Aspergillus viridinutans s.str.seems to be a very rare species and was represented only by the ex-type isolate in which the MAT1-1 locus was amplified.Aspegillus viridinutans and A.aureolus were typified in accordance with the rules of the new botanical code.Other species outside the A.viridinutans complex isolated from the reclamation sites were A.fumigatiaffinis and A.lentulus as well as two new sister species,A.brevistipitatus sp.nov.and A.conversis sp.nov.which were closely related each to other and to N.papuensis.Both new species are phylogenetically distant from all anamorphic species and resemble A.brevipes,A.duricaulis and A.unilateralis in micromorphology and are distinguishable from each other by the slower growth of A.conversis on all tested media.Interestingly,no isolate from the reclamation sites represented A.fumigatus s.st展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.31200015).
文摘Although Inonotus linteus complex is placed in the genusInonotus,its perennial basidiocarps with a dimitic hyphal system,at least in the trama,distinguish the complex from other species in the genus,which have an annual habit and a monomitic hyphal system.The species number of Inonotus linteus complex has been increased in China and tropical America in recent publications.However,whether species in this complex belong to Inonotus has not specifically been addressed.To explore the phylogenetic placement of species of Inonotus linteus complex,we performed a comprehensive study using morphological and phylogenetic data based on global samples.nLSU(53 with 13 new)and ITS(70 with 18 new)datasets were used to produce the phylogenetic results.Taking into consideration the phylogenies inferred from the nLSU and ITS datasets,Inonotus is a polyphyletic genus comprising at least three clades.Clade A,the core Inonotus clade,contains the generic type,Inonotus hispidus,while Clades B and C comprise species from the Inonotus linteus complex.Morphological and phylogenetic evidence indicates that Clades B and C are new genera,and Sanghuangporus and Tropicoporus are introduced in this study.Ten species are transferred to Sanghuangporus and seven to Tropicoporus.Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T.guanacastensis spp.nov.are described,and their distinctive characters are discussed.Keys to the two new genera and the Inonotus sensu stricto,and to species of each new genus are provided.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30770013,No.31500013,No.31000013,No.31360014,No.31470152)the Special Program of Basic Science of the Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2012FY111600)the Technology of and International Cooperation Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2009DFA31160)of the People’s Republic of China,and the opening funding of State key Laboratory of Mycology,Institute of Microbiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences for funding。
文摘Notes on 113 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper,including 11 new genera,89 new species,one new subspecies,three new combinations and seven reference specimens.Awide geographic and taxonomic range of fungal taxa are detailed.In the Ascomycota the new genera Angustospora(Testudinaceae),Camporesia(Xylariaceae),Clematidis,Crassiparies(Pleosporales genera incertae sedis),Farasanispora,Longiostiolum(Pleosporales genera incertae sedis),Multilocularia(Parabambusicolaceae),Neophaeocryptopus(Dothideaceae),Parameliola(Pleosporales genera incertae sedis),and Towyspora(Lentitheciaceae)are introduced.Newly introduced species are Angustospora nilensis,Aniptodera aquibella,Annulohypoxylon albidiscum,Astrocystis thailandica,Camporesia sambuci,Clematidis italica,Colletotrichum menispermi,C.quinquefoliae,Comoclathris pimpinellae,Crassiparies quadrisporus,Cytospora salicicola,Diatrype thailandica,Dothiorella rhamni,Durotheca macrostroma,Farasanispora avicenniae,Halorosellinia rhizophorae,Humicola koreana,Hypoxylon lilloi,Kirschsteiniothelia tectonae,Lindgomyces okinawaensis,Longiostiolum tectonae,Lophiostoma pseudoarmatisporum,Moelleriella phukhiaoensis,M.pongdueatensis,Mucoharknessia anthoxanthi,Multilocularia bambusae,Multiseptospora thysanolaenae,Neophaeocryptopus cytisi,Ocellularia arachchigei,O.ratnapurensis,Ochronectria thailandica,Ophiocordyceps karstii,Parameliola acaciae,P.dimocarpi,Parastagonospora cumpignensis,Pseudodidymosphaeria phlei,Polyplosphaeria thailandica,Pseudolachnella brevifusiformis,Psiloglonium macrosporum,Rhabdodiscus albodenticulatus,Rosellinia chiangmaiensis,Saccothecium rubi,Seimatosporium pseudocornii,S.pseudorosae,Sigarispora ononidis and Towyspora aestuari.New combinations are provided for Eutiarosporella dactylidis(sexual morph described and illus trated)and Pseudocamarosporium pini.Descriptions,illustrations and/or reference specimens are designated for Aposphaeria corallinolutea,Cryptovalsa ampelina,Dothiorella vidmadera,Ophiocordyceps formosana,Petrakia echinata,Phragmoporthe conformis and Pse
基金financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Nos.31070022,30910103907,31200015)Chinese Academy of Sciences Grant(Project No.KSCX2-EW-Z-9)+1 种基金Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.ZR2012CL03)Cony Decock gratefully acknowledges the financial support received from the Belgian State-Belgian Federal Science Policy through the BCCMTM research program and from the FNRS/FRFC(convention FRFC 2.4544.10).
文摘The Inonotus linteus complex comprises several closely related species characterized by pileate basidiomes,a heterogeneous hyphal system with a monomitic context and a dimitic hymenophoral trama.Setae are hymenial and basidiospores are broadly ellipsoid to subglobose,yellowish and thick-walled.Research to understand this complex have been particularly noticeable in East Asia.In the present paper,the complex was studied at a larger scale,including samples from Mesoamerica.Inonotus linteus,an epitype of this species being designated here,is circumscribed as a narrow sense based on morphological and phylogenetic data,and this has lead to delimiting a new species from Mesoamerica,viz.I.cubensis,and provides evidence for two additional species,I.alpinus and I.zonatus,from East Asia.Phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences also confirmed the status of I.baumii,I.linteus,I.lonicericola,I.lonicerinus,I.vaninii,I.sanghuang,I.weigelae and I.weirianus as distinct taxa,while I.tenuicontextus is considered to be a synonym of I.weigelae.A key to 11 species in the complex is provided.
基金The research was financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Nos.31170018 and 31422001)the National Science and Technology Foundation Project of China(No.2014FY210400)Beijing Higher Education Young Elite Teacher Project(YETP0774).
文摘Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on the brown-rot fungi,Fomitopsis and its related genera,are carried out.On the basis of morphological characters and phylogenetic evidence of DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer(ITS)regions,the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nLSU),the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nSSU),the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences(mtSSU),the translation elongation factor 1-αgene(tef1)and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II(rpb2),six new genera,Fragifomes,Niveoporofomes,Piptoporellus,Rhodofomitopsis,Rubellofomes and Ungulidaedalea are established.Four new species,Buglossoporus eucalypticola,Daedalea allantoidea,Piptoporellus hainanensis and P.triqueter are descibed from China.Illustrated descriptions of the novel species are provided.Identification keys to Fomitopsis and its related genera,as well as keys to the species of each genus are provided.
文摘The study focuses on assessing the financial management practices and accounting mechanisms in agricultural cooperatives in Tulsipur Sub-Metropolitan,Dang District,Nepal with a focus on understanding their implications for financial performance and organizational effectiveness.The sample size of total cooperatives(n=46)was divided into Savings and Credit Cooperatives(n=18)and Multipurpose Cooperatives(n=28),respectively,with a total number of respondents(n=138)categorized into managing directors,employees,and general members.Using a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative analysis of financial data with qualitative insights gathered through interviews and surveys,the study emphasizes the importance of modern financial practices,improved reporting mechanisms,and relevant staff training for long-term sustainability.Recommendations include the integration of criteria and evaluation tools to assess cooperative performance,with Hamro Pahunch Multipurpose Cooperative identified as a high performer.Emphasizing the need for robust financial management strategies to navigate the complexity of the agricultural sector,manage risks,and achieve sustainable development,the study notes frequent preparation of financial management reports on a monthly and annual basis,and predominantly annual accounting management.Most cooperatives are using computerized models to present financial positions,but face challenges such as lack of marketing infrastructure,cooperative skills,and technical support.Ultimately,the study advocates for educating policy makers,cooperative leaders,practitioners and stakeholders on the role of effective financial management and accounting in enhancing the resilience,expansion and socio-economic impact of agricultural cooperatives,thereby fostering their long-term prosperity and viability as drivers of rural development and empowerment.
基金During the process of editing the special column and writing the editorial VM was supported by the"National Biodiversity Future Center-NBFC,"within the National Recovery and Resilience Plan(NRRP)funded by the European Union-Next Generation EU(Project code CN_00000033,CUP J83C22000860007)VS was supported by University of South Bohemia postdoctoral fellowship and The Sense-Innovation and Research Center Lausanne&Sion(Grant Number"CFP2023_WLDC").
文摘Individuals in the process of encountering a novel environment face several new selective pressures that can lead to changes in phenotypes,which provides an exciting opportunity to study microevolutionary processes.Environmental novelty encompasses a variety of changes in the socioecological world of an individual,as well as situations for which animals lack eco-evolutionary experience(e.g.,Saul et al.2013;Heger et al.2019).
基金the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic(grants number NV-19-04-00270,NV-19-08-00362 and NU22-04-00389).
文摘Background and aim In-stent restenosis(ISR)belongs to an infrequent but potentially serious complication after carotid angioplasty and stenting in patients with severe carotid stenosis.Some of these patients might be contraindicated to repeat percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with or without stenting(rePTA/S).The purpose of the study is to compare the safety and effectiveness of carotid endarterectomy with stent removal(CEASR)and rePTA/S in patients with carotid ISR.Methods Consecutive patients with carotid ISR(≥80%)were randomly allocated to the CEASR or rePTA/S group.The incidence of restenosis after intervention,stroke,transient ischaemic attack myocardial infarction and death 30 days and 1 year after intervention and restenosis 1 year after intervention between patients in CEASR and rePTA/S groups were statistically evaluated.Results A total of 31 patients were included in the study;14 patients(9 males;mean age 66.3±6.6 years)were allocated to CEASR and 17 patients(10 males;mean age 68.8±5.6 years)to the rePTA/S group.The implanted stent in carotid restenosis was successfully removed in all patients in the CEASR group.No clinical vascular event was recorded periproceduraly,30 days and 1 year after intervention in both groups.Only one patient in the CEASR group had asymptomatic occlusion of the intervened carotid artery within 30 days and one patient died in the rePTA/S group within 1 year after intervention.Restenosis after intervention was significantly greater in the rePTA/S group(mean 20.9%)than in the CEASR group(mean 0%,p=0.04),but all stenoses were<50%.Incidence of 1-year restenosis that was≥70%did not differ between the rePTA/S and CEASR groups(4 vs 1 patient;p=0.233).Conclusion CEASR seems to be effective and save procedures for patients with carotid ISR and might be considered as a treatment option.
基金The Swedish Society for Nature Conservation(Miljöfonden),the University of Gothenburg and the Swedish Anglers Association funded this studyCompletion of the manuscript was realized with support from the SoWa Research Infrastructure(MEYS CZ grant LM2015075)to JNNeither funding agencies,nor the affiliations of DA to Vattenfall AB and of NW to Swedish Anglers Association have influenced the results,their interpretation or their presentation.
文摘Movement activity levels of wild animals often differ consistently among individuals,reflecting different behavioral types.Previous studies have shown that laboratory-scored activity can predict several ecologically relevant characteristics.In an experiment on wild brown trout Salmo trutta,spanning from June to October,we investigated how spring swimming activity,measured in a standardized laboratory test,related to relative recapture probability in autumn.Based on laboratory activity scores,individuals clustered into 2 groups,which showed contrasting patterns in the size-dependency of their recapture probability.Size had a slightly positive effect on recapture probability for passive fish but a clear negative effect on active fish.Our results show that the population structure in a cohort,in terms of relative proportions of behavioral types in different size classes,can vary over time.The results of this study could depend on either selective mortality or migration.However,selective disappearance of individuals with specific phenotypes,regardless of the mechanism,will have implications for trout population management,such as stocking efficiency of hatchery fish with high growth rates or maintenance of fishways past migration barriers.
基金Charles University Grant Agency(GAUK 600217):A.ČmokováCzech Ministry of Health(AZV 17-31269A):M.Kolařík,R.Dobiáš,H.Janouškovcová,I.Kuklová,N.Mallátová,K.Mencl,T.Větrovský,V.Hubka+3 种基金BIOCEV(CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0109)providedthe Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic and ERDF:V.HubkaCharles University Research Centre program no.204069:V.HubkaCzech Academy of Sciences(Project RVO 67985939):M.Man.
文摘Species of the Trichophyton benhamiae complex are predominantly zoophilic pathogens with a worldwide distribution.These pathogens have recently become important due to their epidemic spread in pets and pet owners.Considerable genetic and phenotypic variability has been revealed in these emerging pathogens,but the species limits and host spectra have not been clearly elucidated.In this study,we used an approach combining phylogenetic analysis based on four loci,population-genetic data,phenotypic and physiological analysis,mating type gene characterization and ecological data to resolve the taxonomy of these pathogens.This approach supported the inclusion of nine taxa in the complex,including three new species and one new variety.Trichophyton benhamiae var.luteum var.nov.(“yellow phenotype”strains)is currently a major cause of zoonotic tinea corporis and capitis in Europe(mostly transmitted from guinea pigs).The isolates of the“white phenotype”do not form a monophyletic group and are segregated into three taxa,T.benhamiae var.benhamiae(mostly North America;dogs),T.europaeum sp.nov.(mostly Europe;guinea pigs),and T.japonicum sp.nov.(predominant in East Asia but also found in Europe;rabbits and guinea pigs).The new species T.africanum sp.nov.is proposed for the“African”race of T.benhamiae.The introduction to new geographic areas and host jump followed by extinction of one mating type gene have played important roles in the evolution of these pathogens.Due to considerable phenotypic similarity of many dermatophytes and phenomena such as incomplete lineage sorting or occasional hybridization and introgression,we demonstrate the need to follow polyphasic approach in species delimitation.Neutrally evolving and noncoding DNA regions showed significantly higher discriminatory power compared to conventional protein-coding loci.Diagnostic options for species identification in practice based on molecular markers,phenotype and MALDI-TOF spectra are presented.A microsatellite typing scheme developed in this study is
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170470,31720103918 to ZRL,32270446 to DHL)Natural Sciences Foundation of Guangdong Province(2022A1515011874 to DHL)+1 种基金Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou(202201011831)the Czech Grant Agency 22-01026S to JL.
文摘Currently,new species of freshwater fish trypanosomes,which are economically important parasites,are being described based on subjectively selected features,i.e.,their cell morphology and the host species.We have performed detailed phylogenetic and haplotype diversity analyses of all 18S rRNA genes available for freshwater fish trypanosomes,including the newly obtained sequences of Trypanosoma carassii and Trypanosoma danilewskyi.Based on a sequence similarity of 99.5%,we divide these trypanosomes into 15 operational taxonomic units,and propose three nominal scenarios for distinguishing T.carassii and other aquatic trypanosomes.We find evidences for the existence of a low number of freshwater fish trypanosomes,with T.carassii having the widest geographic and host ranges.Our analyses support the existence of an umbrella complex composed of T.carassii and two sister species.
文摘We prove the existence of an analogy between spatial long-range interactions,which are of the convolution-type introduced in non-relativistic quantum mechanics,and the generalized uncertainty principle predicted from quantum gravity theories.As an illustration,black hole temperature effects are discussed.It is observed that for specific choices of the moment's kernels,cold black holes may emerge in the theory.
基金This project was performed with financial support of the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD0400200)the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China(Grant No.2019HJ2096001006)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31961143010,31970010)the Beijing Innovative Consortium of Agriculture Research System(no.BAIC05-2021)the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Microbial Technology of Agriculture(Grant No.KFJ-PTXM-016).D.Haelewaters and N.Schoutteten are supported by the Research Foundation-Flanders(Junior Postdoctoral Fellowship No.1206620N to D.H.,Fundamental Research Fellowship No.11E0420N to N.S.).M.Thines is supported by the LOEWE initiative of the government of Hessen,in the framework of the Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics(TBG).
文摘Species delimitation is one of the most fundamental processes in biology.Biodiversity undertakings,for instance,require explicit species concepts and criteria for species delimitation in order to be relevant and translatable.However,a perfect species concept does not exist for Fungi.Here,we review the species concepts commonly used in Basidiomycota,the second largest phylum of Fungi that contains some of the best known species of mushrooms,rusts,smuts,and jelly fungi.In general,best practice is to delimitate species,publish new taxa,and conduct taxonomic revisions based on as many independent lines of evidence as possible,that is,by applying a so-called unifying(or integrative)conceptual framework.However,the types of data used vary considerably from group to group.For this reason we discuss the different classes of Basidiomycota,and for each provide:(i)a general introduction with difficulties faced in species recognition,(ii)species concepts and methods for species delimitation,and(iii)community recommendations and conclusions.
基金supported by the Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports(Czech Republic,INTER-EXCELLENCE LTC 17006)European Cooperation in Science and Technology(COST Action CLIMO CA15226)+1 种基金Czech Technical University in Prague(Czech Republic,Project SCS20/11010HR112T/11)Czech Science Foundation(Czech Republic.PROGRESS:20-08294S).
文摘Forest practices in headwater catchments are related to environmental and social contexts.The aim of this study is to analyse the changing protective functions of forests in the upper plain of the Jizera Mts.(North Bohemia,Czech Republic)since the second half of the 19th century.With time,forests have gradually changed from native stands to spruce plantations(Picea abies),introducing exotic conifers(more resistant to air pollution),and,recently,back to more diverse mixed stands.The priority in pro-tective forest functions there shifted from flood protection to integrated control of water resources(quantity and quality).In the 1980s,forest-water interactions were degraded by consequences of extreme acid atmospheric deposition,forest die-back,and extensive clear-cut.In the Jizerka catchment,first signs of recovery were observed in the early 1990s.but.stream waters there are still affected by prolonged acidification.While reconstruction of stream water chemistry at Jizerka follows the drop of the acid deposition in some 5 years,the revival of stream biota takes 10-15 years.In 2071-2100,the pro-jected climate change shows rising annual air temperatures by 3.0-4.6℃,decreasing water yield by 65-123 mm,60%drop in'minimum residual discharge',and 20-30%rise in peak-flows.However,these projected environmental changes cannot substantially decline the high potential in water resource recharge,or,start reverse processes in recent recovery from acidification and radically affect the exis-tence of planned mixed forests in the upper plain of the Jizera Mts.
基金Financial support is gratefully acknowledged from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Nos.31070022,30910103907)Chinese Academy of Sciences Grant(Project No.KSCX2-EW-Z-9)to Y.C.Dai+1 种基金from the institutional support RVO:60077344 of the Czech Academy of Sciences to J.Vlasákfrom the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.31200015)to L.W.Zhou,and from CFERN&GENE Award Funds on Ecological Paper to B.Wang.
文摘Polyporus accommodates species with stipitate basidiocarps,a dimitic hyphal system with skeleto-binding hyphae,and hyaline,thin-walled,more or less cylindrical basidiospores.The species of Polyporus are divided into six morphological groups,of which Melanopus is characterized by coriaceous basidiocarps,thin context and a black cuticle on the stipe.In this study,we explore the phylogeny and species diversity of Polyporus sensu lato focusing on the group Melanopus based on global samples.Our combined ITS and nLSU dataset included 117 collections represented by 117 ITS and 94 nLSU sequences,of which 43 ITS and 37 nLSU sequences were newly generated.The resulting phylogenetic analysis recovered four clades,Favolus,Neofavolus,Melanopus and Polyporellus clades,while several species in the morphological groups Melanopus and Polyporus were outside these clades.Combined with morphological evidence,three new species in the Melanopus clade,Polyporus americanus,P.austroandinus and P.conifericola,are newly described and illustrated,and their distinctive characters are discussed.The illegitimate name Polyporus fraxineus is renamed as Polyporus fraxinicola.The phylogeny and taxonomy of each species in group Melanopus(morphology)or Melanopus clade(phylogeny)and related species are briefly discussed.
基金SITS is financed directly and indirectly by grants from Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm County Council,the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation,the Swedish Order of St.John,Friends of Karolinska Institutet and private donors as well as from an unrestricted sponsorship from Boehringer-Ingelheim.SITS has previously received grants from the European Union Framework 7,the European Union Public Health Authority and Ferrer Internacional+3 种基金SITS is currently conducting studies supported by Boehringer-Ingelheim and EVER Pharma as well as in collaboration with Karolinska Institutet,supported by Stryker,Covidien and Phenox.RM has been supported by the project no.LQ1605 from the National Program of Sustainability II(MEYS CR)the project FNUSA-ICRC no.CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0123(OP VaVpI).JFS is participant in the CharitéClinical Scientist Program funded by the CharitéUniversitätsmedizin Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health.
文摘Background and purpose Triage tools to identify candidates for thrombectomy are of utmost importance in acute stroke.No prognostic tool has yet gained any widespread use.We compared the predictive value of various models based on National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)subitems,ranging from simple to more complex models,for predicting large artery occlusion(LAO)in anterior circulation stroke.Methods Patients registered in the SITS international Stroke Register with available NIHSS and radiological arterial occlusion data were analysed.We compared 2042 patients harbouring an LAO with 2881 patients having no/distal occlusions.Using binary logistic regression,we developed models ranging from simple 1 NIHSS-subitem to full NIHSS-subitems models.Sensitivities and specificities of the models for predicting LAO were examined.results The model with highest predictive value included all NIHSS subitems for predicting LAO(area under the curve(AUC)0.77),yielding a sensitivity and specificity of 69%and 76%,respectively.The second most predictive model(AUC 0.76)included 4-NIHSS-subitems(level of consciousness commands,gaze,facial and arm motor function)yielding a sensitivity and specificity of 67%and 75%,respectively.The simplest model included only deficits in arm motor-function(AUC 0.72)for predicting LAO,yielding a sensitivity and specificity of 67%and 72%,respectively.Conclusions Although increasingly more complex models yield a higher discriminative performance for predicting LAO,differences between models are not large.Assessing grade of arm dysfunction along with an established stroke-diagnosis model may serve as a surrogate measure of arterial occlusion-status,thereby assisting in triage decisions.
基金supported by CIGA(project no.20152007)the Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic(projects“CENAKVA”[no.CZ.1.05/2.1.00/01.0024]+1 种基金“CENAKVA II”[no.LO1205 under the NPU I program]and“The Development of Postdoc Positions at the USB”[no.CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0049]Partial funding was provided by the Czech Science Foundation through project P502/12/P177.
文摘The phylogenetic relationships among imported ornamental crayfish belonging to the genus Cherax were inferred from a combined dataset of 3 mitochondrial genes(COI,16S and 12S)and by comparison with available GenBank sequences of 14 Cherax species.Furthermore,the concordance of previously described species obtained from a wholesaler(Cherax boesemani,C.holthuisi and C.peknyi)with available GenBank sequences was verified based on COI with special respect to comparison with sequences assigned as Cherax species.Recently described species C.gherardiae,C.pulcher and C.subterigneus belong to the northern group of Cherax species.Comparison and analysis with other GenBank COI sequences show previously unreported diversity of New Guinean species,suggesting 5 putative new species.Surprisingly,species assigned to the subgenus Astaconephrops do not form a monophyletic clade;this subgenus should be reappraised relative to the purported typical morphological characteristic of the uncalcified patch on male chelae.Increasing importation of crayfish underscores the importance of accurate species identification.Use of basic molecular methods is a necessary requisite for documenting occurrence,abundance and population trends of target species.Consequently,it helps to support eventual conservation decision-making by stakeholders.
基金supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant No.19K05229Computational resources were supplied by the project“e-Infrastruktura CZ”(e-INFRA LM2018140)provided within the program Projects of Large Research,Development and Innovations Infrastructures.
文摘Molecular rotors are an important class of dynamic molecules which have been studied not only for their possible uses as components of molecular machines but also because of potential applications as probes of local viscosity in biological media,especially self-assembled membranes.For the former,factors affecting rotational motility are critical while for the latter the rotor activity must be complexed with an output signal(often fluorescence)for reporting of local conditions.Molecular single stator-double rotor activity of an oxidized resorcinarene(fuchsonarene)macrocycle containing unsaturated hemiquinonoid groups at its meso positions was investigated.Fuchsonarenes contain two hemiquinonoid substituents at diagonally-opposed meso-positions with two electron rich phenol groups at the remaining meso-positions between the hemiquinonoid groups.All meso-substituents are in proximity at one side of the resorcinarene macrocycle(so-called rccc-type isomer)with rotational activity of the phenol meso-substituents.Rotation rates of the phenol moieties can be controlled by varying temperature,solvent polarity and acidity of the medium of study with rotation being thermally activated in neutral and acidic media and tunable in the range from 2 s^(−1) to 20000 s^(−1).Experimental and computational data indicate that rotation of the mobile phenol meso-substituents is remotely affected by interactions with acidic solvents at the carbonyl CvO groups of macrocyclic acetyloxy groups,which occurs with the emergence of a lower energy electronic absorption band whose intensity is correlated with both the acidity of the medium and the rotation rate of the phenol substituents.Time-dependent DFT calculations suggest that the low energy band is due to a molecular conformational adjustment affecting electronic conjugation caused by strong interaction of macrocyclic acetyloxy carbonyl groups with the acid medium.The work presents a molecular mechanical model for estimating solution acidity and also gives insight into a possible method
基金financially supported by the grant agency of the University of South Bohemia (04-048/2019/P)
文摘Background:The behavioural repertoire of every species evolved over time and its evolution can be traced through the phylogenetic relationships in distinct groups.Cranes(family Gruidae)represent a small,old,monophyletic group with well-corroborated phylogenetic relationships on the species level,and at the same time they exhibit a complex and well-described behavioural repertoire.Methods:We therefore investigated the evolution of behavioural traits of cranes in a phylogenetic context using several phylogenetic approaches and two types of trait scoring.The cranes exhibit more than a hundred behavioural displays,almost one third of which may be phylogenetically informative.Results:More than half of the analysed traits carry a significant phylogenetic signal.The ancestor of cranes already exhibited a quite complex behavioural repertoire,which remained unchanged in Balearicinae but altered greatly in Gruinae,specifically by the shedding of traits rather than their creation.Trait scoring has an influence on results within the Gruinae,primarily in genera Bugeranus and Anthropoides.Conclusions:Albeit the behavioural traits alone cannot be used for resolving species-level relationships within the Gruidae,when optimized on molecular tree,they can help us to detect interesting evolutionary transformations of behaviour repertoire within Gruiformes.The Limpkin(Aramus guarauna)seems to be the most enigmatic species and should be studied in detail for its behavioural repertoire,which may include some precursors of crane behavioural traits.
基金This study was supported by the project ME 08085 KONTAKT Soil organisms in spoils after brown coal mining in the U.S.A.and Europe:a bioindication potential and a role in pedogenesisThis research was also partially supported by the Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports(CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0055 and CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0003)Molecular genetics analyses were supported by the project GAUK 607812.
文摘The Aspergillus viridinutans complex includes morphologically similar,soil-inhabiting species.Although its species boundaries have not been fully defined,many isolates from the complex have been isolated as opportunistic human and animal pathogens.In the present study,these species were dominant in spoil sites subjected to various types of reclamation management after coal mining.These species were characterised using two different PCR-fingerprinting methods,sequence data from the β-tubulin(benA)and calmodulin(caM)genes,macro-and micromorphology(optical and scanning electron microscopy),maximum growth temperatures and mating experiments.In addition,RNA polymerase II gene(RPB2),actin(act1)and ITS sequences were deposited for the ex-type isolates of newly described species.The mating experiment results,phylogenetic analyses and ascospore morphology suggested the presence of five species in the A.viridinutans complex.Aspergillus aureolus(syn.Neosartorya aureola)was the only homothallic species.Three species,A.felis,A.udagawae(syn.N.udagawae)and A.wyomingensis sp.nov.,were heterothallic and their morphologically distinguishable teleomorph was induced by systematic mating experiments.Aspergillus viridinutans s.str.seems to be a very rare species and was represented only by the ex-type isolate in which the MAT1-1 locus was amplified.Aspegillus viridinutans and A.aureolus were typified in accordance with the rules of the new botanical code.Other species outside the A.viridinutans complex isolated from the reclamation sites were A.fumigatiaffinis and A.lentulus as well as two new sister species,A.brevistipitatus sp.nov.and A.conversis sp.nov.which were closely related each to other and to N.papuensis.Both new species are phylogenetically distant from all anamorphic species and resemble A.brevipes,A.duricaulis and A.unilateralis in micromorphology and are distinguishable from each other by the slower growth of A.conversis on all tested media.Interestingly,no isolate from the reclamation sites represented A.fumigatus s.st
