The contents and distribution of 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （HAHs） were investigated in 16 soil profiles of Beijing and Tianjin region. Transport of high mole...The contents and distribution of 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （HAHs） were investigated in 16 soil profiles of Beijing and Tianjin region. Transport of high molecular weight PAHs （HMWPAHs） and the correlation between total organic carbon （TOC） and their concentrations were also discussed. The results indicated that highly contaminated sites were located at urban or wastewater irrigation areas and pollutants mainly accumulated in topsoil （〈 40 cm）, with a sharp content decrease at the vertical boundary of 30-40 cm. Total PAHs/HAHs concentrations in soils from Tianjin were markedly greater than those from Beijing. Even the contents at bottoms of soil profiles in Tianjin were higher than those in topsoils of Beijing soil profile. HMWPAHs dominated the PAH profiles, exhibiting a uniform distribution of pyrogenic origin between topsoils and deep layers. Furthermore, the percentages of HMWPAHs remained relative constant with the depth of soil profiles, which were consistent with the distribution of particulate matter-associated PAHs in the local atmospheric environments. Therefore, HMWPAHs transport with particulates might be the predominant source found in soil profiles.展开更多
Background and Aims: Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)in-fection remains a major public health problem globally.Here,we describe the baseline characteristics and treatment pro-files of HBV-infected patients recruited to ...Background and Aims: Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)in-fection remains a major public health problem globally.Here,we describe the baseline characteristics and treatment pro-files of HBV-infected patients recruited to the China Registry of Hepatitis B.Methods: Inclusion criteria were patients with different stages of chronic HBV infection and complete key data.Exclusion criteria were patients with hepatocellular car-cinoma.The baseline clinical,laboratory and treatment pro-files were analyzed.Results: Finally,40,431 patients were included.The median age was 43 years,with 65.2%being men and 51.3%being positive for hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg).The most common initial diagnosis was chronic hep-atitis B(81.0%),followed by cirrhosis(9.3%),inactive carrier of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)(6.7%),and immune tolerant phase of hepatitis B infection(3.0%).Among the 21,228 patients who were on treatment,88.0%,10.0%and 2.0%received nucleos(t)ide analogues(NAs),interferon or combination of NAs and interferon,respectively.The propor-tion of patients who received preferred NAs(entecavir or te-nofovir disoproxil fumarate)had increased from 13.5%in 2003 to 79.7%in 2016.Conclusions: We concluded that middle-aged men accounted for most of the patients with chronic hepatitis B in this cross-sectional study.About half of the patients were HBeAg-positive.NAs were the most com-monly used therapy,and use of the preferred NAs had steadily increased in the past decade.展开更多
The present study was designed to examine the therapeutic effects of Botulinum neurotoxin A(BoNT/A)on depression-like behaviors in mice and to explore the potential mechanisms.These results revealed that a single faci...The present study was designed to examine the therapeutic effects of Botulinum neurotoxin A(BoNT/A)on depression-like behaviors in mice and to explore the potential mechanisms.These results revealed that a single facial injection of BoNT/A induced a rapid and prolonged improvement of depression-like behaviors in naive and space-restriction-stressed(SRS)mice,reflected by a decreased duration of immobility in behavioral despair tests.BoNT/A significantly increased the 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)levels in several brain regions,including the hippocampus and hypothalamus,in SRS mice.BoNT/A increased the expression of the N-methyl-Daspartate receptor subunits NR1 and NR2 B in the hippocampus,which were significantly decreased in SRS mice.Furthermore,BoNT/A significantly increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)in the hippocampus,hypothalamus,prefrontal cortex,and amygdala,which were decreased in SRS mice.Finally,BoNT/A transiently increased the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase(p-ERK)and cAMPresponse element binding protein(p-CREB),which were suppressed in the hippocampus of SRS mice.Collectively,these results demonstrated that BoNT/A treatment has antidepressant-like activity in mice,and this is associated with increased 5-HT levels and the activation of BDNF/ERK/CREB pathways in the hippocampus,supporting further investigation of BoNT/A therapy in depression.展开更多
High-dimensional data have frequently been collected in many scientific areas including genomewide association study, biomedical imaging, tomography, tumor classifications, and finance. Analysis of highdimensional dat...High-dimensional data have frequently been collected in many scientific areas including genomewide association study, biomedical imaging, tomography, tumor classifications, and finance. Analysis of highdimensional data poses many challenges for statisticians. Feature selection and variable selection are fundamental for high-dimensional data analysis. The sparsity principle, which assumes that only a small number of predictors contribute to the response, is frequently adopted and deemed useful in the analysis of high-dimensional data.Following this general principle, a large number of variable selection approaches via penalized least squares or likelihood have been developed in the recent literature to estimate a sparse model and select significant variables simultaneously. While the penalized variable selection methods have been successfully applied in many highdimensional analyses, modern applications in areas such as genomics and proteomics push the dimensionality of data to an even larger scale, where the dimension of data may grow exponentially with the sample size. This has been called ultrahigh-dimensional data in the literature. This work aims to present a selective overview of feature screening procedures for ultrahigh-dimensional data. We focus on insights into how to construct marginal utilities for feature screening on specific models and motivation for the need of model-free feature screening procedures.展开更多
In this paper, we consider hybrid algorithms for finding common elements of the set of common fixed points of two families quasi-C-non-expansive mappings and the set of solutions of an equilibrium problem. We establis...In this paper, we consider hybrid algorithms for finding common elements of the set of common fixed points of two families quasi-C-non-expansive mappings and the set of solutions of an equilibrium problem. We establish strong convergence theorems of common elements in uniformly smooth and strictly convex Banach spaces with the property （K）.展开更多
Macroeconomic forecasting in China is essential for the government to take proper policy decisions on government expenditure and money supply,among other matters.The existing literature on forecasting Chinas macroecon...Macroeconomic forecasting in China is essential for the government to take proper policy decisions on government expenditure and money supply,among other matters.The existing literature on forecasting Chinas macroeconomic variables is unclear on the crucial issue of how to choose an optimal window to estimate parameters with rolling out-of-sample forecasts.This study fills this gap in forecasting economic growth and inflation in China,by using the rolling weighted least squares(WLS)with the practically feasible cross-validation(CV)procedure of Hong et al.(2018)to choose an optimal estimation window.We undertake an empirical analysis of monthly data on up to 30 candidate indicators(mainly asset prices)for a span of 17 years(2000-2017).It is documented that the forecasting performance of rolling estimation is sensitive to the selection of rolling windows.The empirical analysis shows that the rolling WLS with the CV-based rolling window outperforms other rolling methods on univariate regressions in most cases.One possible explanation for this is that these macroeconomic variables often suffer from structural changes due to changes in institutional reforms,policies,crises,and other factors.Furthermore,we find that,in most cases,asset prices are key variables for forecasting macroeconomic variables,especially output growth rate.展开更多
Urinary incontinence(UI)is a disease that quietly yet seriously impacts women's health and represents a global health burden that is often neglected.This study aims to systematically assess the prevalence and dyna...Urinary incontinence(UI)is a disease that quietly yet seriously impacts women's health and represents a global health burden that is often neglected.This study aims to systematically assess the prevalence and dynamics of female UI in China,and can inform further policies and have international implications.This study used three nationwide investigations:A national cross-sectional survey in 2021;another nationwide cross-sectional survey in 2006;and data regarding the institutions and physicians providing pelvic floor rehabilitation services from 2005 to 2019.The weighted prevalence of female UI and its subtypes,including stress UI(SUI),urgency UI(UUI),and mixed UI(MUI),were estimated as primary outcomes.Knowledge,attitude and care-seeking behaviors of UI were evaluated.It was found that the weighted prevalence of female UI was 16.0%(95%CI,13.3%–19.1%)with SUI remaining the predominant subtype(7.0%)in 2021,followed by MUI(6.5%)and UUI(1.9%).The estimated absolute number of Chinese adult women with UI was 85.8 million in 2021.52.7%(95%CI,45.9%–59.4%)of women were aware that UI was a medical condition,and only 10.1%of women with UI sought health care.After 15 years of development,there were 8400 pelvic floor rehabilitation institutions and nearly 10,000 relevant physicians in ChinaDthey were found to be associated with UI prevalence.The UI prevalence in China was significantly lower in 2021 compared to that in 2006.Despite the achievement,UI remains a public health problem,especially given China's fast aging and three-child policy.More innovations,especially those that can facilitate care seeking,are needed to address this prevalent yet treatable condition.展开更多
In this paper,we highlight some recent developments of a new route to evaluate macroeconomic policy effects,which are investigated under the framework with potential outcomes.First,this paper begins with a brief intro...In this paper,we highlight some recent developments of a new route to evaluate macroeconomic policy effects,which are investigated under the framework with potential outcomes.First,this paper begins with a brief introduction of the basic model setup in modern econometric analysis of program evaluation.Secondly,primary attention goes to the focus on causal effect estimation of macroeconomic policy with single time series data together with some extensions to multiple time series data.Furthermore,we examine the connection of this new approach to traditional macroeconomic models for policy analysis and evaluation.Finally,we conclude by addressing some possible future research directions in statistics and econometrics.展开更多
INSULIN secretion was traditionally measured with biochemical and immunological methods such as enzyme linked immunosorbant assay and radioimmunoassay. However, these methods can only tell the amount of insulin secret...INSULIN secretion was traditionally measured with biochemical and immunological methods such as enzyme linked immunosorbant assay and radioimmunoassay. However, these methods can only tell the amount of insulin secreted; they give no information about the secretion process or mechanism of exocytosis. In recent years, an imaging technique known as total internal reflection fluorescence （TIRF） microscopy has been employed to study insulin secretion.展开更多
Tethered cord syndrome is a progressive disease with a typically insidious onset in infants and children, and which can lead to persistent progress of neurological deficits and a high rate of disability without timely...Tethered cord syndrome is a progressive disease with a typically insidious onset in infants and children, and which can lead to persistent progress of neurological deficits and a high rate of disability without timely intervention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the curative effect of microsurgery in children with different types of tethered cord syndrome. In this study, we analyzed 326 patients with tethered cord syndrome, aged from 2 months to 14 years old, who were followed for 3-36 months after microscopic surgery. Based on clinical manifestations and imaging findings, these patients were classified into five types： tight ilium terminale （53 cases）, lipomyelome- ningocele （55 cases）, lipomatous malformation （124 cases）, postoperative adhesions （56 cases）, and split cord malformation （38 cases）. All patients underwent microsurgery. Curative effects were measured before and 3 months after surgery by Spina Bifida Neurological Scale based on sensory and motor functions, reflexes, and bladder and bowel function. The results showed that Spina Bifida Neurological Scale scores improved in all five types after surgery. Overall effective rates in these patients were 75%. Effective rates were 91% in tight ilium terminale, 84% in lipomyelomeningocele, 65% in lipomatous malformation, 75% in postoperative adhesion, and 79% in split cord mal- formation. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that types of tethered cord syndrome （lipoma-type or not） and symptom duration before surgery were independent influencing factors of surgical outcome. These results show that therapeutic effect is markedly different in patients with different types of tethered cord syndrome. Suitable clinical classification for tethered cord syndrome will be helpful in predicting prognosis and guiding treatment. This trial has been registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry （registration number： ChiCTR1800016464）.展开更多
Feature screening plays an important role in ultrahigh dimensional data analysis.This paper is concerned with conditional feature screening when one is interested in detecting the association between the response and ...Feature screening plays an important role in ultrahigh dimensional data analysis.This paper is concerned with conditional feature screening when one is interested in detecting the association between the response and ultrahigh dimensional predictors(e.g.,genetic makers)given a low-dimensional exposure variable(such as clinical variables or environmental variables).To this end,we first propose a new index to measure conditional independence,and further develop a conditional screening procedure based on the newly proposed index.We systematically study the theoretical property of the proposed procedure and establish the sure screening and ranking consistency properties under some very mild conditions.The newly proposed screening procedure enjoys some appealing properties.(a)It is model-free in that its implementation does not require a specification on the model structure;(b)it is robust to heavy-tailed distributions or outliers in both directions of response and predictors;and(c)it can deal with both feature screening and the conditional screening in a unified way.We study the finite sample performance of the proposed procedure by Monte Carlo simulations and further illustrate the proposed method through two real data examples.展开更多
Collaborative vehicular networks is a key enabler to meet the stringent ultra-reliable and lowlatency communications(URLLC)requirements.A user vehicle(UV)dynamically optimizes task offloading by exploiting its collabo...Collaborative vehicular networks is a key enabler to meet the stringent ultra-reliable and lowlatency communications(URLLC)requirements.A user vehicle(UV)dynamically optimizes task offloading by exploiting its collaborations with edge servers and vehicular fog servers(VFSs).However,the optimization of task offloading in highly dynamic collaborative vehicular networks faces several challenges such as URLLC guaranteeing,incomplete information,and dimensionality curse.In this paper,we first characterize URLLC in terms of queuing delay bound violation and high-order statistics of excess backlogs.Then,a Deep Reinforcement lEarning-based URLLCAware task offloading algorithM named DREAM is proposed to maximize the throughput of the UVs while satisfying the URLLC constraints in a besteffort way.Compared with existing task offloading algorithms,DREAM achieves superior performance in throughput,queuing delay,and URLLC.展开更多
This paper develops a new class of multivariate models for large-dimensional time-varying covariance matrices,called Cholesky generalized autoregressive score(GAS)models,which are based on the Cholesky decomposition o...This paper develops a new class of multivariate models for large-dimensional time-varying covariance matrices,called Cholesky generalized autoregressive score(GAS)models,which are based on the Cholesky decomposition of the covariance matrix and assume that the parameters are score-driven.Specifically,two types of score-driven updates are considered:one is closer to the GARCH family,and the other is inspired by the stochastic volatility model.We demonstrate that the models can be estimated equation-wise and are computationally feasible for high-dimensional cases.Moreover,we design an equationwise dynamic model averaging or selection algorithm which simultaneously extracts model and parameter uncertainties,equipped with dynamically estimated model parameters.The simulation results illustrate the superiority of the proposed models.Finally,using a sizeable daily return dataset that includes 124 sectors in the Chinese stock market,two empirical studies with a small sample and a full sample are conducted to verify the advantages of our models.The full sample analysis by a dynamic correlation network documents significant structural changes in the Chinese stock market before and after COVID-19.展开更多
Friedman＇s plucking model of business fluctuations suggests that output cannot exceed an upper limit, but it is occasionally ＂plucked＂ downward below trends as a result of economic recessions. This paper investigat...Friedman＇s plucking model of business fluctuations suggests that output cannot exceed an upper limit, but it is occasionally ＂plucked＂ downward below trends as a result of economic recessions. This paper investigates China＇s business fluetuations using quarterly real GDP data for the period 1978 2009. Our results show some evidence supporting Friedman＇s plucking model. We find that a ceiling effect of real output exists, and that negative asymmetric shocks significantly affect the transitory component, which captures the plucking downward behavior during the recession. The results also suggest that the basic asymmetric unobserved component model is not appropriate for directly modeling China＇s real output because the business＂ cycle is inaccurately measured, but it works quite well when considering a structural break in the second quarter of 1992. The results reveal that although China＇s economy strengthened in the second quarter of 2009, it is essential for China＇s government to take further positive and effective measures to maintain sustainable development of the economy.展开更多
Post-reform China has been experiencing two major demographic changes： an increasingly aging population and an extraordinary surge of rural-urban migrants. The question we ask is： are these two demographic changes r...Post-reform China has been experiencing two major demographic changes： an increasingly aging population and an extraordinary surge of rural-urban migrants. The question we ask is： are these two demographic changes related？ If yes, then, how？ The standard view in the migration literature is that the older the migrant, the lower the likelihood of migration. This paper proposes a simple theory of temporary migration for unskilled labor to fit the context of China Motivated by our model, we then use both cross-sectional micro data and panel macro data to examine the potential impacts of aging on migration. We find that shifts in China＇s age distribution have generated significant changes in the country＇s migration patterns： migration will shift to closer provinces （probably switching from interprovincial migration to intra-provincial migration） and will concentrate to a few destination provinces.展开更多
Response criteria remain controversial in therapeutic evaluation for locally advanced esophageal carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.We aimed to identify the predictive value of tumor regression grading(TR...Response criteria remain controversial in therapeutic evaluation for locally advanced esophageal carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.We aimed to identify the predictive value of tumor regression grading(TRG) in tumor response and prognosis.Fifty-two patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by esophagectomy and radical 2-field lymphadenectomy between June 2007 and June 2011 were included in this study.All tissue specimens were reassessed according to the TRG scale.Potential prognostic factors,including clinicopathologic factors,were evaluated.Survival curves were generated by using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test.Prognostic factors were determined with multivariate analysis by using the Cox regression model.Our results showed that of 52 cases,43(83%) were squamous cell carcinoma and 9(17%) were adenocarcinoma.TRG was correlated with pathologic T(P = 0.006) and N(P < 0.001) categories.Median overall survival for the entire cohort was 33 months.The 1-and 2-year overall survival rates were 71% and 44%,respectively.Univariate survival analysis results showed that favorable prognostic factors were histological subtype(P = 0.003),pathologic T category(P = 0.026),pathologic N category(P < 0.001),and TRG G0(P = 0.041).Multivariate analyses identified pathologic N category(P < 0.001) as a significant independent prognostic parameter.Our results indicate that histomorphologic TRG can be considered as an alternative option to predict the therapeutic efficacy and prognostic factor for patients with locally advanced esophageal carcinoma treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy.展开更多
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-known as patternrecognition receptors in the immune system for recognizing pathogen-associated and damage-associated molecular patterns [1]. TLRs play an essential role in the innat...Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-known as patternrecognition receptors in the immune system for recognizing pathogen-associated and damage-associated molecular patterns [1]. TLRs play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses. To date, 10 functional TLRs have been identified in humans (TLR1–TLR10) and 12 in mice (TLR1–TLR9 and TLR11–TLR13)[1]. TLRs are evolutionarily conserved type I transmembrane proteins and comprise an ectodomain characterized by leucine-rich repeats mediating the recognition of ligands, a transmembrane region, and cytosolic Toll-interleukin (IL)-1 receptor domains that activate the downstream signaling pathways [1].展开更多
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate is a metabolic intermediate that promotes cell metabolism. We hypothesize that fructose-1,6-diphosphate can protect against neuronal damage induced by febrile convulsions. Hot-water bathing wa...Fructose-1,6-diphosphate is a metabolic intermediate that promotes cell metabolism. We hypothesize that fructose-1,6-diphosphate can protect against neuronal damage induced by febrile convulsions. Hot-water bathing was used to establish a repetitive febrile convulsion model in rats aged 21 days, equivalent to 3–5 years in humans. Ninety minutes before each seizure induction, rats received an intraperitoneal injection of low- or high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate（500 or 1,000 mg/kg, respectively）. Low- and high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate prolonged the latency and shortened the duration of seizures. Furthermore, high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate effectively reduced seizure severity. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that 24 hours after the last seizure, high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate reduced mitochondrial swelling, rough endoplasmic reticulum degranulation, Golgi dilation and synaptic cleft size, and increased synaptic active zone length, postsynaptic density thickness, and synaptic interface curvature in the hippocampal CA1 area. The present findings suggest that fructose-1,6-diphosphate is a neuroprotectant against hippocampal neuron and synapse damage induced by repeated febrile convulsion in immature rats.展开更多
The existence of neural stem cells(NSCs)in the adult mammalian nervous system,although small in number and restricted to the sub-ventricular zone of the lateral ventricles,the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus,and the ...The existence of neural stem cells(NSCs)in the adult mammalian nervous system,although small in number and restricted to the sub-ventricular zone of the lateral ventricles,the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus,and the olfactory epithelium,is a gift of evolution for the adaptive brain function which requires persistent plastic changes of these regions.It is known that most adult NSCs are latent,showing long cell cycles.In the past decade,the concept of quiescent NSCs(qNSCs)has been widely accepted by researchers in the field,and great progress has been made in the biology of qNSCs.Although the spontaneous neuronal regeneration derived from adult NSCs is not significant,understanding how the behaviors of qNSCs are regulated sheds light on stimulating endogenous NSC-based neuronal regeneration.In this review,we mainly focus on the recent progress of the developmental origin and regulatory mechanisms that maintain qNSCs under normal conditions,and that mobilize qNSCs under pathological conditions,hoping to give some insights for future study.展开更多
Targeted poverty alleviation(TPA)serves as a winning formula for fighting poverty and has generated valuable experiences for achieving common prosperity.The mixed-ownership reform has enhanced corporate economic perfo...Targeted poverty alleviation(TPA)serves as a winning formula for fighting poverty and has generated valuable experiences for achieving common prosperity.The mixed-ownership reform has enhanced corporate economic performance.However,further testing is required to assess whether enterprises contribute to the improvement of distribution by participating in TPA.Taking A-share-listed private enterprises between 2016 and 2021 as research samples,we conducted an investigation into the extent and manner in which the mixed-ownership reform contributes to TPA.Our research reveals that a higher proportion of state capital equity participation is correlated with a greater level of private enterprises’contribution to TPA.This indicates that the mixed-ownership reform is beneficial for prompting private enterprises to shoulder responsibilities for building a society of common prosperity.As shown by the mechanism test,state capital equity participation encourages private enterprises to contribute to TPA primarily by alleviating corporate financing constraints through the resource complementarity effect.In contrast,the check&balance effect of promoting corporate poverty alleviation by mitigating the principal-agent problem has not yet been significantly demonstrated.Regarding the poverty alleviation model,state capital equity participation prompts private enterprises to contribute to TPA through industrial development,educational investment,and environmental protection,emphasizing a combination of providing external assistance and cultivating endogenous development capacity.In terms of TPA regions,state capital equity participation plays a significant role in supporting economically less-developed regions,regions with high unemployment rates,and central and western regions.This paper provides new empirical evidence for deepening mixed-ownership reforms and advancing common prosperity.展开更多
基金supported by the National NaturalScience Foundation of China (No. 40473045)
文摘The contents and distribution of 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （HAHs） were investigated in 16 soil profiles of Beijing and Tianjin region. Transport of high molecular weight PAHs （HMWPAHs） and the correlation between total organic carbon （TOC） and their concentrations were also discussed. The results indicated that highly contaminated sites were located at urban or wastewater irrigation areas and pollutants mainly accumulated in topsoil （〈 40 cm）, with a sharp content decrease at the vertical boundary of 30-40 cm. Total PAHs/HAHs concentrations in soils from Tianjin were markedly greater than those from Beijing. Even the contents at bottoms of soil profiles in Tianjin were higher than those in topsoils of Beijing soil profile. HMWPAHs dominated the PAH profiles, exhibiting a uniform distribution of pyrogenic origin between topsoils and deep layers. Furthermore, the percentages of HMWPAHs remained relative constant with the depth of soil profiles, which were consistent with the distribution of particulate matter-associated PAHs in the local atmospheric environments. Therefore, HMWPAHs transport with particulates might be the predominant source found in soil profiles.
文摘Background and Aims: Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)in-fection remains a major public health problem globally.Here,we describe the baseline characteristics and treatment pro-files of HBV-infected patients recruited to the China Registry of Hepatitis B.Methods: Inclusion criteria were patients with different stages of chronic HBV infection and complete key data.Exclusion criteria were patients with hepatocellular car-cinoma.The baseline clinical,laboratory and treatment pro-files were analyzed.Results: Finally,40,431 patients were included.The median age was 43 years,with 65.2%being men and 51.3%being positive for hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg).The most common initial diagnosis was chronic hep-atitis B(81.0%),followed by cirrhosis(9.3%),inactive carrier of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)(6.7%),and immune tolerant phase of hepatitis B infection(3.0%).Among the 21,228 patients who were on treatment,88.0%,10.0%and 2.0%received nucleos(t)ide analogues(NAs),interferon or combination of NAs and interferon,respectively.The propor-tion of patients who received preferred NAs(entecavir or te-nofovir disoproxil fumarate)had increased from 13.5%in 2003 to 79.7%in 2016.Conclusions: We concluded that middle-aged men accounted for most of the patients with chronic hepatitis B in this cross-sectional study.About half of the patients were HBeAg-positive.NAs were the most com-monly used therapy,and use of the preferred NAs had steadily increased in the past decade.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81870874, 31371179, 81300968, and 81671270)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (BK20170004, 2015-JY-029, and BK20140372)+4 种基金Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases (BM2013003)the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Preponderant Clinic Discipline Group Project Funding (XKQ2015002)the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China (KYCX17-2000)Suzhou Science and Technology For People’s Livelihood (SYS201706)the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China (KYCX17_2034)
文摘The present study was designed to examine the therapeutic effects of Botulinum neurotoxin A(BoNT/A)on depression-like behaviors in mice and to explore the potential mechanisms.These results revealed that a single facial injection of BoNT/A induced a rapid and prolonged improvement of depression-like behaviors in naive and space-restriction-stressed(SRS)mice,reflected by a decreased duration of immobility in behavioral despair tests.BoNT/A significantly increased the 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)levels in several brain regions,including the hippocampus and hypothalamus,in SRS mice.BoNT/A increased the expression of the N-methyl-Daspartate receptor subunits NR1 and NR2 B in the hippocampus,which were significantly decreased in SRS mice.Furthermore,BoNT/A significantly increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)in the hippocampus,hypothalamus,prefrontal cortex,and amygdala,which were decreased in SRS mice.Finally,BoNT/A transiently increased the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase(p-ERK)and cAMPresponse element binding protein(p-CREB),which were suppressed in the hippocampus of SRS mice.Collectively,these results demonstrated that BoNT/A treatment has antidepressant-like activity in mice,and this is associated with increased 5-HT levels and the activation of BDNF/ERK/CREB pathways in the hippocampus,supporting further investigation of BoNT/A therapy in depression.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11401497 and 11301435)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.T2013221043)+3 种基金the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Education Ministry,the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.20720140034)National Institute on Drug Abuse,National Institutes of Health(Grant Nos.P50 DA036107 and P50 DA039838)National Science Foundation(Grant No.DMS1512422)The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation or National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘High-dimensional data have frequently been collected in many scientific areas including genomewide association study, biomedical imaging, tomography, tumor classifications, and finance. Analysis of highdimensional data poses many challenges for statisticians. Feature selection and variable selection are fundamental for high-dimensional data analysis. The sparsity principle, which assumes that only a small number of predictors contribute to the response, is frequently adopted and deemed useful in the analysis of high-dimensional data.Following this general principle, a large number of variable selection approaches via penalized least squares or likelihood have been developed in the recent literature to estimate a sparse model and select significant variables simultaneously. While the penalized variable selection methods have been successfully applied in many highdimensional analyses, modern applications in areas such as genomics and proteomics push the dimensionality of data to an even larger scale, where the dimension of data may grow exponentially with the sample size. This has been called ultrahigh-dimensional data in the literature. This work aims to present a selective overview of feature screening procedures for ultrahigh-dimensional data. We focus on insights into how to construct marginal utilities for feature screening on specific models and motivation for the need of model-free feature screening procedures.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10771050)Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department (No. 11JK0486)
文摘In this paper, we consider hybrid algorithms for finding common elements of the set of common fixed points of two families quasi-C-non-expansive mappings and the set of solutions of an equilibrium problem. We establish strong convergence theorems of common elements in uniformly smooth and strictly convex Banach spaces with the property （K）.
基金All remaining errors are solely ours.We acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71703156)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Statistics,Xiamen University(No.201601).
文摘Macroeconomic forecasting in China is essential for the government to take proper policy decisions on government expenditure and money supply,among other matters.The existing literature on forecasting Chinas macroeconomic variables is unclear on the crucial issue of how to choose an optimal window to estimate parameters with rolling out-of-sample forecasts.This study fills this gap in forecasting economic growth and inflation in China,by using the rolling weighted least squares(WLS)with the practically feasible cross-validation(CV)procedure of Hong et al.(2018)to choose an optimal estimation window.We undertake an empirical analysis of monthly data on up to 30 candidate indicators(mainly asset prices)for a span of 17 years(2000-2017).It is documented that the forecasting performance of rolling estimation is sensitive to the selection of rolling windows.The empirical analysis shows that the rolling WLS with the CV-based rolling window outperforms other rolling methods on univariate regressions in most cases.One possible explanation for this is that these macroeconomic variables often suffer from structural changes due to changes in institutional reforms,policies,crises,and other factors.Furthermore,we find that,in most cases,asset prices are key variables for forecasting macroeconomic variables,especially output growth rate.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2701300,2023YFC2706000 and 2018YFC2002201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72104247)the National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding(2022-PUMCH-B-087,2022-PUMCH-A-023)。
文摘Urinary incontinence(UI)is a disease that quietly yet seriously impacts women's health and represents a global health burden that is often neglected.This study aims to systematically assess the prevalence and dynamics of female UI in China,and can inform further policies and have international implications.This study used three nationwide investigations:A national cross-sectional survey in 2021;another nationwide cross-sectional survey in 2006;and data regarding the institutions and physicians providing pelvic floor rehabilitation services from 2005 to 2019.The weighted prevalence of female UI and its subtypes,including stress UI(SUI),urgency UI(UUI),and mixed UI(MUI),were estimated as primary outcomes.Knowledge,attitude and care-seeking behaviors of UI were evaluated.It was found that the weighted prevalence of female UI was 16.0%(95%CI,13.3%–19.1%)with SUI remaining the predominant subtype(7.0%)in 2021,followed by MUI(6.5%)and UUI(1.9%).The estimated absolute number of Chinese adult women with UI was 85.8 million in 2021.52.7%(95%CI,45.9%–59.4%)of women were aware that UI was a medical condition,and only 10.1%of women with UI sought health care.After 15 years of development,there were 8400 pelvic floor rehabilitation institutions and nearly 10,000 relevant physicians in ChinaDthey were found to be associated with UI prevalence.The UI prevalence in China was significantly lower in 2021 compared to that in 2006.Despite the achievement,UI remains a public health problem,especially given China's fast aging and three-child policy.More innovations,especially those that can facilitate care seeking,are needed to address this prevalent yet treatable condition.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71631004,Key Project)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(71625001)+2 种基金the Basic Scientific Center Project of National Science Foundation of China:Econometrics and Quantitative Policy Evaluation(71988101)the Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(19YJA910003)China Scholarship Council Funded Project(201806315045).
文摘In this paper,we highlight some recent developments of a new route to evaluate macroeconomic policy effects,which are investigated under the framework with potential outcomes.First,this paper begins with a brief introduction of the basic model setup in modern econometric analysis of program evaluation.Secondly,primary attention goes to the focus on causal effect estimation of macroeconomic policy with single time series data together with some extensions to multiple time series data.Furthermore,we examine the connection of this new approach to traditional macroeconomic models for policy analysis and evaluation.Finally,we conclude by addressing some possible future research directions in statistics and econometrics.
文摘INSULIN secretion was traditionally measured with biochemical and immunological methods such as enzyme linked immunosorbant assay and radioimmunoassay. However, these methods can only tell the amount of insulin secreted; they give no information about the secretion process or mechanism of exocytosis. In recent years, an imaging technique known as total internal reflection fluorescence （TIRF） microscopy has been employed to study insulin secretion.
基金supported by the Science Foundation of Military Medical Research and Clinical Research Foundation of PLA General Hospital in China,No.2016FC-CXYY-1006(to AJS)a grant from the Application of Clinical Features of Capital City of Science and Technology Commission in China,No.Z171100001017140(to AJS)
文摘Tethered cord syndrome is a progressive disease with a typically insidious onset in infants and children, and which can lead to persistent progress of neurological deficits and a high rate of disability without timely intervention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the curative effect of microsurgery in children with different types of tethered cord syndrome. In this study, we analyzed 326 patients with tethered cord syndrome, aged from 2 months to 14 years old, who were followed for 3-36 months after microscopic surgery. Based on clinical manifestations and imaging findings, these patients were classified into five types： tight ilium terminale （53 cases）, lipomyelome- ningocele （55 cases）, lipomatous malformation （124 cases）, postoperative adhesions （56 cases）, and split cord malformation （38 cases）. All patients underwent microsurgery. Curative effects were measured before and 3 months after surgery by Spina Bifida Neurological Scale based on sensory and motor functions, reflexes, and bladder and bowel function. The results showed that Spina Bifida Neurological Scale scores improved in all five types after surgery. Overall effective rates in these patients were 75%. Effective rates were 91% in tight ilium terminale, 84% in lipomyelomeningocele, 65% in lipomatous malformation, 75% in postoperative adhesion, and 79% in split cord mal- formation. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that types of tethered cord syndrome （lipoma-type or not） and symptom duration before surgery were independent influencing factors of surgical outcome. These results show that therapeutic effect is markedly different in patients with different types of tethered cord syndrome. Suitable clinical classification for tethered cord syndrome will be helpful in predicting prognosis and guiding treatment. This trial has been registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry （registration number： ChiCTR1800016464）.
基金supported by National Science Foundation of USA (Grant No. P50 DA039838)the Program of China Scholarships Council (Grant No. 201506040130)+6 种基金 National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11401497)the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese ScholarsState Education Ministry, the National Key Basic Research Development Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB950703)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesNational Institute on Drug AbuseNational Institutes of Health (Grants Nos. P50 DA036107 and P50 DA039838)National Science Foundation of USA (Grant No. DMS 1512422)
文摘Feature screening plays an important role in ultrahigh dimensional data analysis.This paper is concerned with conditional feature screening when one is interested in detecting the association between the response and ultrahigh dimensional predictors(e.g.,genetic makers)given a low-dimensional exposure variable(such as clinical variables or environmental variables).To this end,we first propose a new index to measure conditional independence,and further develop a conditional screening procedure based on the newly proposed index.We systematically study the theoretical property of the proposed procedure and establish the sure screening and ranking consistency properties under some very mild conditions.The newly proposed screening procedure enjoys some appealing properties.(a)It is model-free in that its implementation does not require a specification on the model structure;(b)it is robust to heavy-tailed distributions or outliers in both directions of response and predictors;and(c)it can deal with both feature screening and the conditional screening in a unified way.We study the finite sample performance of the proposed procedure by Monte Carlo simulations and further illustrate the proposed method through two real data examples.
基金This work was partially supported by the Open Funding of the Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing for Big Energy Data under Grant Number IPBED3supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant Number 61971189supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant Number 2020MS001.
文摘Collaborative vehicular networks is a key enabler to meet the stringent ultra-reliable and lowlatency communications(URLLC)requirements.A user vehicle(UV)dynamically optimizes task offloading by exploiting its collaborations with edge servers and vehicular fog servers(VFSs).However,the optimization of task offloading in highly dynamic collaborative vehicular networks faces several challenges such as URLLC guaranteeing,incomplete information,and dimensionality curse.In this paper,we first characterize URLLC in terms of queuing delay bound violation and high-order statistics of excess backlogs.Then,a Deep Reinforcement lEarning-based URLLCAware task offloading algorithM named DREAM is proposed to maximize the throughput of the UVs while satisfying the URLLC constraints in a besteffort way.Compared with existing task offloading algorithms,DREAM achieves superior performance in throughput,queuing delay,and URLLC.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge that this work is supported by the Basic Scientific Center of National Science Foundation of China(Project 71988101)the Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China under Grant No.22JJD790050+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,General Program under Grant No.71973110 and No.72373125the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Key Program under Grant No.72033008the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.20720191072the Statistical Science Research Program of China under Grant No.2022LZ37 and No.2022LZ06the Cultivation Program of Financial Security Collaborative Innovation Center,Southwestern University of Finance and Economics under Grant No.JRXTP202202.
文摘This paper develops a new class of multivariate models for large-dimensional time-varying covariance matrices,called Cholesky generalized autoregressive score(GAS)models,which are based on the Cholesky decomposition of the covariance matrix and assume that the parameters are score-driven.Specifically,two types of score-driven updates are considered:one is closer to the GARCH family,and the other is inspired by the stochastic volatility model.We demonstrate that the models can be estimated equation-wise and are computationally feasible for high-dimensional cases.Moreover,we design an equationwise dynamic model averaging or selection algorithm which simultaneously extracts model and parameter uncertainties,equipped with dynamically estimated model parameters.The simulation results illustrate the superiority of the proposed models.Finally,using a sizeable daily return dataset that includes 124 sectors in the Chinese stock market,two empirical studies with a small sample and a full sample are conducted to verify the advantages of our models.The full sample analysis by a dynamic correlation network documents significant structural changes in the Chinese stock market before and after COVID-19.
文摘Friedman＇s plucking model of business fluctuations suggests that output cannot exceed an upper limit, but it is occasionally ＂plucked＂ downward below trends as a result of economic recessions. This paper investigates China＇s business fluetuations using quarterly real GDP data for the period 1978 2009. Our results show some evidence supporting Friedman＇s plucking model. We find that a ceiling effect of real output exists, and that negative asymmetric shocks significantly affect the transitory component, which captures the plucking downward behavior during the recession. The results also suggest that the basic asymmetric unobserved component model is not appropriate for directly modeling China＇s real output because the business＂ cycle is inaccurately measured, but it works quite well when considering a structural break in the second quarter of 1992. The results reveal that although China＇s economy strengthened in the second quarter of 2009, it is essential for China＇s government to take further positive and effective measures to maintain sustainable development of the economy.
文摘Post-reform China has been experiencing two major demographic changes： an increasingly aging population and an extraordinary surge of rural-urban migrants. The question we ask is： are these two demographic changes related？ If yes, then, how？ The standard view in the migration literature is that the older the migrant, the lower the likelihood of migration. This paper proposes a simple theory of temporary migration for unskilled labor to fit the context of China Motivated by our model, we then use both cross-sectional micro data and panel macro data to examine the potential impacts of aging on migration. We find that shifts in China＇s age distribution have generated significant changes in the country＇s migration patterns： migration will shift to closer provinces （probably switching from interprovincial migration to intra-provincial migration） and will concentrate to a few destination provinces.
基金supported by a grant from the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA02A403)
文摘Response criteria remain controversial in therapeutic evaluation for locally advanced esophageal carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.We aimed to identify the predictive value of tumor regression grading(TRG) in tumor response and prognosis.Fifty-two patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by esophagectomy and radical 2-field lymphadenectomy between June 2007 and June 2011 were included in this study.All tissue specimens were reassessed according to the TRG scale.Potential prognostic factors,including clinicopathologic factors,were evaluated.Survival curves were generated by using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test.Prognostic factors were determined with multivariate analysis by using the Cox regression model.Our results showed that of 52 cases,43(83%) were squamous cell carcinoma and 9(17%) were adenocarcinoma.TRG was correlated with pathologic T(P = 0.006) and N(P < 0.001) categories.Median overall survival for the entire cohort was 33 months.The 1-and 2-year overall survival rates were 71% and 44%,respectively.Univariate survival analysis results showed that favorable prognostic factors were histological subtype(P = 0.003),pathologic T category(P = 0.026),pathologic N category(P < 0.001),and TRG G0(P = 0.041).Multivariate analyses identified pathologic N category(P < 0.001) as a significant independent prognostic parameter.Our results indicate that histomorphologic TRG can be considered as an alternative option to predict the therapeutic efficacy and prognostic factor for patients with locally advanced esophageal carcinoma treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81870874, 31371179, and 81300968)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (BK20170004 and 2015-JY-029)
文摘Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-known as patternrecognition receptors in the immune system for recognizing pathogen-associated and damage-associated molecular patterns [1]. TLRs play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses. To date, 10 functional TLRs have been identified in humans (TLR1–TLR10) and 12 in mice (TLR1–TLR9 and TLR11–TLR13)[1]. TLRs are evolutionarily conserved type I transmembrane proteins and comprise an ectodomain characterized by leucine-rich repeats mediating the recognition of ligands, a transmembrane region, and cytosolic Toll-interleukin (IL)-1 receptor domains that activate the downstream signaling pathways [1].
基金financially supported by the Medical Innovations Fund of Xi’an Jiaotong University,No.GH0203214Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital Incubator Fund Projects+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30901600Shaanxi Provincial Scientific and Technological Research Projects,No.2006K14-G12,2005K14-G7
文摘Fructose-1,6-diphosphate is a metabolic intermediate that promotes cell metabolism. We hypothesize that fructose-1,6-diphosphate can protect against neuronal damage induced by febrile convulsions. Hot-water bathing was used to establish a repetitive febrile convulsion model in rats aged 21 days, equivalent to 3–5 years in humans. Ninety minutes before each seizure induction, rats received an intraperitoneal injection of low- or high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate（500 or 1,000 mg/kg, respectively）. Low- and high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate prolonged the latency and shortened the duration of seizures. Furthermore, high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate effectively reduced seizure severity. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that 24 hours after the last seizure, high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate reduced mitochondrial swelling, rough endoplasmic reticulum degranulation, Golgi dilation and synaptic cleft size, and increased synaptic active zone length, postsynaptic density thickness, and synaptic interface curvature in the hippocampal CA1 area. The present findings suggest that fructose-1,6-diphosphate is a neuroprotectant against hippocampal neuron and synapse damage induced by repeated febrile convulsion in immature rats.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970907 and 82171346).
文摘The existence of neural stem cells(NSCs)in the adult mammalian nervous system,although small in number and restricted to the sub-ventricular zone of the lateral ventricles,the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus,and the olfactory epithelium,is a gift of evolution for the adaptive brain function which requires persistent plastic changes of these regions.It is known that most adult NSCs are latent,showing long cell cycles.In the past decade,the concept of quiescent NSCs(qNSCs)has been widely accepted by researchers in the field,and great progress has been made in the biology of qNSCs.Although the spontaneous neuronal regeneration derived from adult NSCs is not significant,understanding how the behaviors of qNSCs are regulated sheds light on stimulating endogenous NSC-based neuronal regeneration.In this review,we mainly focus on the recent progress of the developmental origin and regulatory mechanisms that maintain qNSCs under normal conditions,and that mobilize qNSCs under pathological conditions,hoping to give some insights for future study.
基金the National Social Science Fund of China(NSSFC),“Study on the Policy Effect Evaluation and Optimization of Dual-Pillar Regulation under Triple Pressures”(Grant No.22&ZD063)General Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC),“Financial Fundamentals Information and Financial Risk Forecast:Machine Learning and Economic Theories”(Grant No.72072193)General Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC),“Investment Q Theory,Investor Sentiment and Capital Market Asset Pricing:A Big Data Perspective”(Grant No.71872195).
文摘Targeted poverty alleviation(TPA)serves as a winning formula for fighting poverty and has generated valuable experiences for achieving common prosperity.The mixed-ownership reform has enhanced corporate economic performance.However,further testing is required to assess whether enterprises contribute to the improvement of distribution by participating in TPA.Taking A-share-listed private enterprises between 2016 and 2021 as research samples,we conducted an investigation into the extent and manner in which the mixed-ownership reform contributes to TPA.Our research reveals that a higher proportion of state capital equity participation is correlated with a greater level of private enterprises’contribution to TPA.This indicates that the mixed-ownership reform is beneficial for prompting private enterprises to shoulder responsibilities for building a society of common prosperity.As shown by the mechanism test,state capital equity participation encourages private enterprises to contribute to TPA primarily by alleviating corporate financing constraints through the resource complementarity effect.In contrast,the check&balance effect of promoting corporate poverty alleviation by mitigating the principal-agent problem has not yet been significantly demonstrated.Regarding the poverty alleviation model,state capital equity participation prompts private enterprises to contribute to TPA through industrial development,educational investment,and environmental protection,emphasizing a combination of providing external assistance and cultivating endogenous development capacity.In terms of TPA regions,state capital equity participation plays a significant role in supporting economically less-developed regions,regions with high unemployment rates,and central and western regions.This paper provides new empirical evidence for deepening mixed-ownership reforms and advancing common prosperity.
