This paper introduces the system of game-theoretic interactions,which connects both the explanation of knowledge encoded in a deep neural networks(DNN)and the explanation of the representation power of a DNN.In this s...This paper introduces the system of game-theoretic interactions,which connects both the explanation of knowledge encoded in a deep neural networks(DNN)and the explanation of the representation power of a DNN.In this system,we define two gametheoretic interaction indexes,namely the multi-order interaction and the multivariate interaction.More crucially,we use these interaction indexes to explain feature representations encoded in a DNN from the following four aspects:(1)Quantifying knowledge concepts encoded by a DNN;(2)Exploring how a DNN encodes visual concepts,and extracting prototypical concepts encoded in the DNN;(3)Learning optimal baseline values for the Shapley value,and providing a unified perspective to compare fourteen different attribution methods;(4)Theoretically explaining the representation bottleneck of DNNs.Furthermore,we prove the relationship between the interaction encoded in a DNN and the representation power of a DNN(e.g.,generalization power,adversarial transferability,and adversarial robustness).In this way,game-theoretic interactions successfully bridge the gap between“the explanation of knowledge concepts encoded in a DNN”and"the explanation of the representation capacity of a DNN"as a unified explanation.展开更多
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a decreased ability of insulin to facilitate glucose uptake into insulin sensitive tissue,i.e.,skeletal muscle.The mechanism behind this is at the moment unresolved.It has been sugg...Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a decreased ability of insulin to facilitate glucose uptake into insulin sensitive tissue,i.e.,skeletal muscle.The mechanism behind this is at the moment unresolved.It has been suggested that increased amount of lipids inside the skeletal muscle(intramuscular triglyceride,diacylglycerol and ceramides)will impair insulin action in skeletal muscle,but data are not consistent in the human literature.It has also been hypothesized that the impaired insulin sensitivity is due to a dysfunction in the mitochondria resulting in an impaired ability to oxidize lipids,but the majority of the literature is not supporting this hypothesis.Recently it has been suggested that the production of reactive oxygen species play an essential role in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity.It is well accepted that physical activity(endurance,strength and high intensity training)improves insulin sensitivity in healthy humans and in patients with type 2 diabetes.Whether patients with type 2 diabetes have the same beneficial effects(same improvement)as control subjects,when it comes to regular physical activity in regard to mitochondrial function,is not established in the literature.This review will focus only on the effect of physical activity on skeletal muscle(mitochondrial function)in patients with type 2 diabetes.展开更多
A new scheme is proposed to improve the electron beam quality of ionization-induced injection by tailoring gas profile in laser wakefield acceleration.Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that the ionizat...A new scheme is proposed to improve the electron beam quality of ionization-induced injection by tailoring gas profile in laser wakefield acceleration.Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that the ionization-induced injection mainly occurs in high-density stage and automatically truncates in low-density stage due to the decrease of the wakefield potential difference.The beam loading can be compensated by the elongated beam resulting from the density transition stage.The beam quality can be improved by shorter injection distance and beam loading effect.A quasi-monoenergetic electron beam with a central energy of 258 MeV and an energy spread of 5.1%is obtained under certain laser-plasma conditions.展开更多
基金supported by National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2021ZD0111602)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.62276165 and U19B2043)Shanghai Natural Science Foundation,China(Nos.21JC1403800 and 21ZR1434600).
文摘This paper introduces the system of game-theoretic interactions,which connects both the explanation of knowledge encoded in a deep neural networks(DNN)and the explanation of the representation power of a DNN.In this system,we define two gametheoretic interaction indexes,namely the multi-order interaction and the multivariate interaction.More crucially,we use these interaction indexes to explain feature representations encoded in a DNN from the following four aspects:(1)Quantifying knowledge concepts encoded by a DNN;(2)Exploring how a DNN encodes visual concepts,and extracting prototypical concepts encoded in the DNN;(3)Learning optimal baseline values for the Shapley value,and providing a unified perspective to compare fourteen different attribution methods;(4)Theoretically explaining the representation bottleneck of DNNs.Furthermore,we prove the relationship between the interaction encoded in a DNN and the representation power of a DNN(e.g.,generalization power,adversarial transferability,and adversarial robustness).In this way,game-theoretic interactions successfully bridge the gap between“the explanation of knowledge concepts encoded in a DNN”and"the explanation of the representation capacity of a DNN"as a unified explanation.
文摘Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a decreased ability of insulin to facilitate glucose uptake into insulin sensitive tissue,i.e.,skeletal muscle.The mechanism behind this is at the moment unresolved.It has been suggested that increased amount of lipids inside the skeletal muscle(intramuscular triglyceride,diacylglycerol and ceramides)will impair insulin action in skeletal muscle,but data are not consistent in the human literature.It has also been hypothesized that the impaired insulin sensitivity is due to a dysfunction in the mitochondria resulting in an impaired ability to oxidize lipids,but the majority of the literature is not supporting this hypothesis.Recently it has been suggested that the production of reactive oxygen species play an essential role in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity.It is well accepted that physical activity(endurance,strength and high intensity training)improves insulin sensitivity in healthy humans and in patients with type 2 diabetes.Whether patients with type 2 diabetes have the same beneficial effects(same improvement)as control subjects,when it comes to regular physical activity in regard to mitochondrial function,is not established in the literature.This review will focus only on the effect of physical activity on skeletal muscle(mitochondrial function)in patients with type 2 diabetes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12005297,11975308,and 11775305)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA25050200)+2 种基金the Fund of Science Challenge Project(Grant No.TZ2018001)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(Grant No.2020JJ5651)the Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Laser Interaction with Matter(Grant No.SKLLIM1908)。
文摘A new scheme is proposed to improve the electron beam quality of ionization-induced injection by tailoring gas profile in laser wakefield acceleration.Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that the ionization-induced injection mainly occurs in high-density stage and automatically truncates in low-density stage due to the decrease of the wakefield potential difference.The beam loading can be compensated by the elongated beam resulting from the density transition stage.The beam quality can be improved by shorter injection distance and beam loading effect.A quasi-monoenergetic electron beam with a central energy of 258 MeV and an energy spread of 5.1%is obtained under certain laser-plasma conditions.
