Leather industry is facing new trends on production and consumption patterns due to society concerns.Circular economy is proposing a transition from the current economic model to a more sustainable one,in which waste ...Leather industry is facing new trends on production and consumption patterns due to society concerns.Circular economy is proposing a transition from the current economic model to a more sustainable one,in which waste is designed out and resources will be reused and recycled as long as possible.In this transition,Life Cycle Assessment(LCA)is an important tool to help decision-making.In the present review,39 English-written peer-reviewed papers related to LCA and leather have been found,30 of which were published in the last 6 years,meaning LCA is nowadays an important subject.Papers are presented within 4 types,focused on:1)the whole leather production process,2)a single step in the production process(e.g,new technologies for unhairing),3)waste treatment and recycling,and 4)life cycle thinking with ideas on long-term strategies for leather industries.As discussed in the literature review,leather industry has important challenges to address:increasing sustainability and transparency on the supply chain,and strengthening the beauty of leather.Taking up these challenges from a life cycle perspective will help leather industry flourish in the coming future.展开更多
Response to vernalization and photoperiod are the main determinants controlling the time to flowering in temperate cereals. While the individual genes that determine a plant's response to these environmental signa...Response to vernalization and photoperiod are the main determinants controlling the time to flowering in temperate cereals. While the individual genes that determine a plant's response to these environmental signals are well characterized, the combinatorial effect on flowering time of allelic variants for multiple genes remains unresolved. This study investigated the genetic control of flowering-time in a biparental population of spring barley, derived from a wide cross between a late-flowering European and an early-flowering North-American cultivar. While the major flowering time genes are not segregating in the Beka ×Logan cross, large variation in flowering was observed. We identified five QTL, with both parents found to contribute early alleles. The catalog of QTL discovered aligns with several candidate genes affecting flowering time in barley. The combination of particular alleles at HvCEN, HvELF3 and HvFT1 in Logan are responsible for the earliness of this cultivar. Interestingly, earliness for flowering could be further enhanced, with Beka found to contribute three early alleles, including a QTL colocating with a HvFD-like gene, suggesting that there are diverse aspects of the flowering-time pathway that have been manipulated in these two cultivars. Epistatic interactions between flowering-time QTL or candidate genes were observed in field data and confirmed under controlled conditions. The results of this study link photoperiod-dependent flowering-time genes with earliness per se genes into a single model, thus providing a unique framework that can be used by geneticists and breeders to optimize flowering time in barley.展开更多
Wild mushrooms are recognized as important non-wood forest products in mountainous ecosystems, but their real potential for generating rural economies has not been fully evaluated due to the difficulties in obtaining ...Wild mushrooms are recognized as important non-wood forest products in mountainous ecosystems, but their real potential for generating rural economies has not been fully evaluated due to the difficulties in obtaining reliable productivity data, minimizing their true potential as contributor to rural economies. Mushroom yield models based on large data series from Pinus forest ecosystems in the region of Catalonia(Spain), combined with data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory allow us to estimate the potential mushroom productivity by forest ecosystems. The results of 24,500 tons/yr of mushrooms of which 16,300 tons are classified as edible and 7,900 tons are commonly marketed demonstrate the importance of mushroom productions in Catalonian pine forests, mostly located in mountainous areas where the development of agricultural activities is limited. Economic mushroom value is estimated at 48 million € for the edible mushroom and 32 million € for those corresponding to marketable yields, confirming the potential of this non-wood forest product. These production results and corresponding economic values provide a basis for the incorporation of wild mushrooms as significant non-wood forest products in the development of forest policies in mountainous areas.展开更多
A dynamic model is presented for a chiller working with a composite adsorbent(silica activated carbon/CaCl2)–water pair in a solar-biomass cooling installation.The main objective is determining a link between two pos...A dynamic model is presented for a chiller working with a composite adsorbent(silica activated carbon/CaCl2)–water pair in a solar-biomass cooling installation.The main objective is determining a link between two possible evaporator configurations and the refrigerator’s performances.The two considered evaporators work at different pressure levels.The related time evolution profiles of temperature,pressure and water content are studied.Moreover,the effects of hot water inlet temperature and cooling water inlet temperature on the specific cooling capacity(SCP)and coefficient of performance(COP)are predicted by means of numerical simulations.The results show that an increase in the temperature of hot water and a decrease in the temperature of the cooling water allow an increase in COP and SCP.In particular,for a hot water inlet temperature of 85°C and a cooling water inlet temperature of 40°C,the COP and Qev are 0.67 and 4.3 kW,respectively.展开更多
Information about olive-tree irrigation in sub-humid climates, as in Uruguay, is scarce. Water consumption of young olive trees, Arbequina variety, was measured for two years with six drainage lysimeters, protected fr...Information about olive-tree irrigation in sub-humid climates, as in Uruguay, is scarce. Water consumption of young olive trees, Arbequina variety, was measured for two years with six drainage lysimeters, protected from rain by an automatic rain-out shelter. Irrigation water volume and drainage of each lysimeter were measured daily and soil moisture was registered twice a week with neutron probe at four depths. Evapotranspiration (ETc) was calculated by volume balance. Data periods when available water descended below 50% or increased over 100% were eliminated, as those in which the stem water potential was below -1.5 MPa. Water consumption values were averaged within 7- to 14-day periods, expressed in mm·d-1, and referred to a 2.5 × 5.5 m plantation framework without vegetation cover. There was a positive linear relation of the summer crop coefficient (Kc mid) with age, canopy cover percentage and canopy volume. Canopy cover percentage was the parameter which explained most of the variation of Kc mid, which ranged between 0.13 and 0.24, with 5% and 46% canopy cover, respectively. Full irrigation, associated to a good drainage resulted in a rapid growth of the young plants, bringing forward the start of full production period. This represents useful information for the adjustment of irrigation in olive-tree orchards, to accelerate growth with a rational and sustainable use of both water and energy in Uruguay.展开更多
The ab initio generalized gradient approximation (GGA)+U study of multiferroic (La Bi )<sub>2</sub>FeCrO<sub>6</sub> in pnma structure and ferri-magnetic order, including Hubbard corrections ( ...The ab initio generalized gradient approximation (GGA)+U study of multiferroic (La Bi )<sub>2</sub>FeCrO<sub>6</sub> in pnma structure and ferri-magnetic order, including Hubbard corrections ( eV) for transition metal/rare earth d-electrons with 20 atoms cell, shows optimum local magnetic moments of (Cr , Fe equal to (−2.56, 4.14) μB and an ideal spin-down band gap of 1.54 eV. Tuned-band gap La-substituted double oxide perovskites BFCO should exhibit enhanced visible-light absorption and carrier mobility, thus could be convenient light absorbers and then efficient alternatives to wide-gap chalcopyrite absorber-based solar cells failing to achieve highest power conversion efficiencies, and even compete with their metal-organic halide perovskites counterparts.展开更多
Objectives: It is often stressed that anxiety alters perceptions of the world by way of processes like the rapid detection of threats and the exaggeration of risks. Given that these processes are active during all inf...Objectives: It is often stressed that anxiety alters perceptions of the world by way of processes like the rapid detection of threats and the exaggeration of risks. Given that these processes are active during all information processing, they are thought to influence not only the interpretation of current events, but also the recall of past events. In patient’s anamnesis, we have often attempted to incorporate the events that patients recollect into our functional explanation of their disorder, forgetting that the meaning of what a patient relates may be intrinsically linked to his/her pathology and pathological functioning. We are interested here in potential biases in the events remembered by anxious patients. Methods: We contacted twenty-seven men aged 25 or older suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. They were asked to recollect childhood events from cue words and then rate each remembered event on its subjective emotional valence and intensity, its frequency of recollection, and the vividness of the memory. The responses of the anxious subjects were compared to those of control subjects without psychiatric disorders. Results: Findings seem to show that anxious patients’ memories of childhood events may be impaired by emotional interpretation biases. Indeed, anxious patients remember more negative events than participants in the control group. The emotional intensity of negative or positive events remembered by anxious patients is also considered more important.展开更多
Dear Editor,Treatment for ocular surface squamous neoplasia(OSSN)includes topical mitomycin C(MMC),5-fluorouracil(5-FU)and interferon(IFN)-alpha 2b eyedrops[1-2].Compared to other treatments,such as mitomycin C(MMC),I...Dear Editor,Treatment for ocular surface squamous neoplasia(OSSN)includes topical mitomycin C(MMC),5-fluorouracil(5-FU)and interferon(IFN)-alpha 2b eyedrops[1-2].Compared to other treatments,such as mitomycin C(MMC),IFN-alpha 2b is well tolerated and causes fewer side effects[1-2].展开更多
Among the most important Mediterranean annual crops, durum wheat is widely grown in drought-prone areas. Therefore, improving water-use effi ciency (WUE) of durum wheat represents a major breeding goal. IDu-
基金funded by the company Curtidos Badiaby the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC1904500)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation(NNSF)of China(21978177)by the Ceres-Procon Project(CTM2016-76176-C2-2-R)(AEI/FEDER,UE)financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.
文摘Leather industry is facing new trends on production and consumption patterns due to society concerns.Circular economy is proposing a transition from the current economic model to a more sustainable one,in which waste is designed out and resources will be reused and recycled as long as possible.In this transition,Life Cycle Assessment(LCA)is an important tool to help decision-making.In the present review,39 English-written peer-reviewed papers related to LCA and leather have been found,30 of which were published in the last 6 years,meaning LCA is nowadays an important subject.Papers are presented within 4 types,focused on:1)the whole leather production process,2)a single step in the production process(e.g,new technologies for unhairing),3)waste treatment and recycling,and 4)life cycle thinking with ideas on long-term strategies for leather industries.As discussed in the literature review,leather industry has important challenges to address:increasing sustainability and transparency on the supply chain,and strengthening the beauty of leather.Taking up these challenges from a life cycle perspective will help leather industry flourish in the coming future.
基金supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness(grant numbers AGL2010-21929 and AGL2013-48756-R)the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness,the Agencia Estatal de Investigación,and the European Regional Development Fund(grant number AGL2016–80967-R)Government of Aragon(Research Group A08_20R)。
文摘Response to vernalization and photoperiod are the main determinants controlling the time to flowering in temperate cereals. While the individual genes that determine a plant's response to these environmental signals are well characterized, the combinatorial effect on flowering time of allelic variants for multiple genes remains unresolved. This study investigated the genetic control of flowering-time in a biparental population of spring barley, derived from a wide cross between a late-flowering European and an early-flowering North-American cultivar. While the major flowering time genes are not segregating in the Beka ×Logan cross, large variation in flowering was observed. We identified five QTL, with both parents found to contribute early alleles. The catalog of QTL discovered aligns with several candidate genes affecting flowering time in barley. The combination of particular alleles at HvCEN, HvELF3 and HvFT1 in Logan are responsible for the earliness of this cultivar. Interestingly, earliness for flowering could be further enhanced, with Beka found to contribute three early alleles, including a QTL colocating with a HvFD-like gene, suggesting that there are diverse aspects of the flowering-time pathway that have been manipulated in these two cultivars. Epistatic interactions between flowering-time QTL or candidate genes were observed in field data and confirmed under controlled conditions. The results of this study link photoperiod-dependent flowering-time genes with earliness per se genes into a single model, thus providing a unique framework that can be used by geneticists and breeders to optimize flowering time in barley.
基金funded by the research project AGL2012-40035-C03-01 (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain, Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación)the Micosylva+project (Interreg IVB ProgramPO SUDOE SOE3/P2/E533)the Departament d’Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Alimentació i Medi Natural de la Generalitat de Catalunya
文摘Wild mushrooms are recognized as important non-wood forest products in mountainous ecosystems, but their real potential for generating rural economies has not been fully evaluated due to the difficulties in obtaining reliable productivity data, minimizing their true potential as contributor to rural economies. Mushroom yield models based on large data series from Pinus forest ecosystems in the region of Catalonia(Spain), combined with data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory allow us to estimate the potential mushroom productivity by forest ecosystems. The results of 24,500 tons/yr of mushrooms of which 16,300 tons are classified as edible and 7,900 tons are commonly marketed demonstrate the importance of mushroom productions in Catalonian pine forests, mostly located in mountainous areas where the development of agricultural activities is limited. Economic mushroom value is estimated at 48 million € for the edible mushroom and 32 million € for those corresponding to marketable yields, confirming the potential of this non-wood forest product. These production results and corresponding economic values provide a basis for the incorporation of wild mushrooms as significant non-wood forest products in the development of forest policies in mountainous areas.
文摘A dynamic model is presented for a chiller working with a composite adsorbent(silica activated carbon/CaCl2)–water pair in a solar-biomass cooling installation.The main objective is determining a link between two possible evaporator configurations and the refrigerator’s performances.The two considered evaporators work at different pressure levels.The related time evolution profiles of temperature,pressure and water content are studied.Moreover,the effects of hot water inlet temperature and cooling water inlet temperature on the specific cooling capacity(SCP)and coefficient of performance(COP)are predicted by means of numerical simulations.The results show that an increase in the temperature of hot water and a decrease in the temperature of the cooling water allow an increase in COP and SCP.In particular,for a hot water inlet temperature of 85°C and a cooling water inlet temperature of 40°C,the COP and Qev are 0.67 and 4.3 kW,respectively.
文摘Information about olive-tree irrigation in sub-humid climates, as in Uruguay, is scarce. Water consumption of young olive trees, Arbequina variety, was measured for two years with six drainage lysimeters, protected from rain by an automatic rain-out shelter. Irrigation water volume and drainage of each lysimeter were measured daily and soil moisture was registered twice a week with neutron probe at four depths. Evapotranspiration (ETc) was calculated by volume balance. Data periods when available water descended below 50% or increased over 100% were eliminated, as those in which the stem water potential was below -1.5 MPa. Water consumption values were averaged within 7- to 14-day periods, expressed in mm·d-1, and referred to a 2.5 × 5.5 m plantation framework without vegetation cover. There was a positive linear relation of the summer crop coefficient (Kc mid) with age, canopy cover percentage and canopy volume. Canopy cover percentage was the parameter which explained most of the variation of Kc mid, which ranged between 0.13 and 0.24, with 5% and 46% canopy cover, respectively. Full irrigation, associated to a good drainage resulted in a rapid growth of the young plants, bringing forward the start of full production period. This represents useful information for the adjustment of irrigation in olive-tree orchards, to accelerate growth with a rational and sustainable use of both water and energy in Uruguay.
文摘The ab initio generalized gradient approximation (GGA)+U study of multiferroic (La Bi )<sub>2</sub>FeCrO<sub>6</sub> in pnma structure and ferri-magnetic order, including Hubbard corrections ( eV) for transition metal/rare earth d-electrons with 20 atoms cell, shows optimum local magnetic moments of (Cr , Fe equal to (−2.56, 4.14) μB and an ideal spin-down band gap of 1.54 eV. Tuned-band gap La-substituted double oxide perovskites BFCO should exhibit enhanced visible-light absorption and carrier mobility, thus could be convenient light absorbers and then efficient alternatives to wide-gap chalcopyrite absorber-based solar cells failing to achieve highest power conversion efficiencies, and even compete with their metal-organic halide perovskites counterparts.
文摘Objectives: It is often stressed that anxiety alters perceptions of the world by way of processes like the rapid detection of threats and the exaggeration of risks. Given that these processes are active during all information processing, they are thought to influence not only the interpretation of current events, but also the recall of past events. In patient’s anamnesis, we have often attempted to incorporate the events that patients recollect into our functional explanation of their disorder, forgetting that the meaning of what a patient relates may be intrinsically linked to his/her pathology and pathological functioning. We are interested here in potential biases in the events remembered by anxious patients. Methods: We contacted twenty-seven men aged 25 or older suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. They were asked to recollect childhood events from cue words and then rate each remembered event on its subjective emotional valence and intensity, its frequency of recollection, and the vividness of the memory. The responses of the anxious subjects were compared to those of control subjects without psychiatric disorders. Results: Findings seem to show that anxious patients’ memories of childhood events may be impaired by emotional interpretation biases. Indeed, anxious patients remember more negative events than participants in the control group. The emotional intensity of negative or positive events remembered by anxious patients is also considered more important.
文摘Dear Editor,Treatment for ocular surface squamous neoplasia(OSSN)includes topical mitomycin C(MMC),5-fluorouracil(5-FU)and interferon(IFN)-alpha 2b eyedrops[1-2].Compared to other treatments,such as mitomycin C(MMC),IFN-alpha 2b is well tolerated and causes fewer side effects[1-2].
文摘Among the most important Mediterranean annual crops, durum wheat is widely grown in drought-prone areas. Therefore, improving water-use effi ciency (WUE) of durum wheat represents a major breeding goal. IDu-
