The primary endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria with primitive eukaryotes is assumed to have occurred in ancient times, leading to the formation of plants with chloroplasts. However, since this possibility has remained exp...The primary endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria with primitive eukaryotes is assumed to have occurred in ancient times, leading to the formation of plants with chloroplasts. However, since this possibility has remained experimentally unproven, we tried to convert heterotrophic eukaryotes like protozoa to autotrophs with chloroplasts. For this, when eukaryotic and heterotrophic Dictyostelium cells were forcibly cultivated with two kinds of photosynthetic bacteria (the purple non-sulfur bacterium Rhodobacter and then the cyanobacterium Synechocystis) as food sources, unique autotrophic organisms consisting of multinucleate plasmodia and their derived amoeboid cells, which had very strange morphology and behaviors, were formed by endosymbiosis of the bacteria. In this case, long-term pre-cultivation with Rdodobacter seemed to be prerequisites for the formation of the autotrophic organisms. The resulting, green-colored plasmodium contained a number of Synechocystis-derived bodies in the cytoplasm. The measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence indicates that the Synechocystis-derived bodies are like chloroplasts giving the ability of photosynthesis. Only, since the fine structural characteristics and genetic background of the autotrophic multinucleate plasmodia and their derived-amoeboid cells are extremely strange, we discuss the possibility of thinking about those reasons.展开更多
The Dutch have been the world tallest since the 1980s but plateaued in height for the past few decades. A century and a half ago, young men at 20 in the Netherlands were 165 cm in mean height, as tall as men in France...The Dutch have been the world tallest since the 1980s but plateaued in height for the past few decades. A century and a half ago, young men at 20 in the Netherlands were 165 cm in mean height, as tall as men in France and Portugal. They grew to 178 cm, as tall as Norwegian in 1960</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> and 183 cm in mean height in the 1990s and levelled off. It is most likely that the Dutch may have nearly attained genetic potential as a human being. </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">The </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">statue is a net measure that captures the supply of inputs to health. Based on the changes in <i>per capita</i> supply of protein from animal products, FAOSTAT, the Dutch seem <span>to have reached the highest level in <i>per capita</i> supply of animal protein.</span> In<span>creases in </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">supply of protein, however, do not result in increasing human</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> height, if consumption of other “essential nutrients” is insufficient (Blum, 2013;Mori, 2018)</span></span></span><span><span><span>[1][2]</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">. With the close case studies of Japan and South Korea in respect of food consumption specifically by children in growing ages, the author sus<span>pects that children in the Netherlands may have been insufficient in </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">the</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">supply <span>of vegetables, “essential nutrients” on the top of animal products.展开更多
Child height in Japan and South Korea increased dramatically over the past half century. At age 17 - 18 years, male students in Japan were 2 cm taller in the 1960s through 1970s, still barely taller in the 1980s than ...Child height in Japan and South Korea increased dramatically over the past half century. At age 17 - 18 years, male students in Japan were 2 cm taller in the 1960s through 1970s, still barely taller in the 1980s than S. Korean students, but by the early 1990s they ceased to grow any taller in height, whereas their Korean peers kept increasing in height to overtake their Japanese peers by 3 cm in the mid-2000s. Economic growth was rapid in both countries, but S. Korea some two decades behind Japan. Per capita GDP in Japan was four times that in S. Korea in the mid-1980s and twice in the early-2000s. Food consumption increased conspicuously in both countries, with per capita net supply of animal products in Japan noticeably exceeding that in S. Korea in the early-2000s. However, per capita total caloric intake has been a few hundred kcal/day greater in S. Korea than in Japan since the end of 1970s, mainly from cereals. In particular, S. Koreans have consumed nearly twice as many vegetables as Japanese after the early 1980s. What may deserve attention is that Japanese youth, as compared to their older generations, drastically reduced their consumption of fruit and vegetables in the mid-1970s, whereas their S. Korean counterparts have maintained their consumption of these produce. These contrasts in food consumption patterns may have contributed to the differences in child height development in the two countries.展开更多
Hydrogen gas sensor device with simple planar structure based on p^+ silicon substrate with n-type epi-layer was fabricated only by using a lift-off technique of an evaporated metal film.The device consists of Ohmic s...Hydrogen gas sensor device with simple planar structure based on p^+ silicon substrate with n-type epi-layer was fabricated only by using a lift-off technique of an evaporated metal film.The device consists of Ohmic source and drain electrodes and platinum Schottky gate electrode.This sensor device has a little similar property as FET.Current-voltage characteristics between the source and drain of the device are sensitive to hydrogen gas.The voltage difference between in hydrogen ambient and oxygen ambient is about 2.3 volts for a constant current of 0.9 mA.The device can detect 0.4% hydrogen gas in air.Based on oxidation reaction of hydrogen on the surface of the platinum gate,hydrogen sensitivity of the device changes by the coexisting oxygen concentration.Electrons flow in the buried channel formed between the gate electrode and the p^+n junction.It was confirmed that the gate bias influences the properties.The current-voltage property changes also depending on the wiring method.展开更多
Delafossite structured p-type wide bandgap semiconductor, CuYO<sub>2</sub> thin films were prepared on SiO<sub>2</sub> substrate by sol-gel method using copper (II) acetate and yttrium (III) ac...Delafossite structured p-type wide bandgap semiconductor, CuYO<sub>2</sub> thin films were prepared on SiO<sub>2</sub> substrate by sol-gel method using copper (II) acetate and yttrium (III) acetate as source materials. The films preparation process was studied by varying annealing temperature after the preparation of gel films by spin coating, followed by thermal annealing at higher temperature. In the present work, one step annealing directly from Cu-Y-gel under nitrogen flow was used. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the film annealed at 800<sup>。</sup>C is significantly c-axis oriented, shows only (002) and (004) peaks at 15.6<sup>。</sup> and 31.5<sup>。</sup>, respectively. The optical bandgap of 3.7 - 3.8 eV is estimated by (αhν)2 plot which is higher than previous works. In addition, the films with highly c-axis orientation showed photoluminescence (PL) at room temperature with very broad peak at 2.3 eV. The films annealed at different temperature showed different structural properties.展开更多
We prepare CuGaO2 thin films on SiO2 substrates by using the sol-gel spin-coating method with two combinations of Cu and a Ga source, Cu and Ga nitrate, or acetylacetonate. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the ...We prepare CuGaO2 thin films on SiO2 substrates by using the sol-gel spin-coating method with two combinations of Cu and a Ga source, Cu and Ga nitrate, or acetylacetonate. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the thin films prepared using nitrate sol that are annealed at a temperature of 850°C - 950°C show both c-axis-orientated peaks, (006) and a non-c-axis-oriented peak (012) with similar intensity;little dependence of signal intensity on annealing temperature is also shown. The films are opaque in appearance at these annealing temperatures. Scanning electron microscope observation reveals that the opaque appearance is due to the texture or cracks on the surface of the films. In contrast, the films prepared using acetylacetonate show a (006) peak with higher signal intensity than the (012) peaks. The films show more transparent appearance than that of the films by nitrate. The highest conductivity of the film is 5.7 × 10-4Ω-1·cm-1, obtained in the films by nitrate annealed at 850°C.展开更多
The solid-phase reaction of sapphire (Al2O3) substrates and spin-coated copper nitrate films was studied. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that a CuO fraction was observed by annealing at temperatures higher than ...The solid-phase reaction of sapphire (Al2O3) substrates and spin-coated copper nitrate films was studied. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that a CuO fraction was observed by annealing at temperatures higher than 800℃. In addition, crystalline CuAlO2 was formed at annealing temperatures in the range of 900℃ – 1000℃ by solid-phase reaction of the spin-coated films and sapphire substrate. Crystalline CuAlO2 was formed by annealing at 1000℃ for 5 - 10 h, and CuAl2O4 was formed by annealing at 1000℃ for 15 h. When annealing under N2 flow, Cu2O was observed rather than CuAlO2. For a sample annealed in air at 1000℃ for 5 h, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements at various depths from surface revealed that Cu2+ ions are located around the surface, which suggests that the CuO fraction is present near the surface while the CuAlO2 fraction is located at greater depths from the surface of the samples. The depth profile of the sample suggests that there is no pure CuAlO2 layer in the sample, but that crystalline CuAlO2 is present in the sample as a mixture with CuO and Al2O3.展开更多
The Last Lawn of the Afternoon is one of Haruki Murakami’s most important early short stories.In this paper,I avoid conventional arguments,focusing my analysis on the encounter between the middle-aged woman and Boku,...The Last Lawn of the Afternoon is one of Haruki Murakami’s most important early short stories.In this paper,I avoid conventional arguments,focusing my analysis on the encounter between the middle-aged woman and Boku,and the work’s historical backdrop and setting instead.This reveals how Boku’s personal experience speaks to the everyday lives of Japanese citizens at the mercy of circumstances in postwar Japan under American influence and international events.It appears that Murakami attempts to convert the personal minority“memories”,lurking in the everyday order of postwar Japan,into“novels”as open collaborative storiesin his early short stories.展开更多
In game theoretic context, it is assumed that the decision maker has the extraordinary skills of reasoning and calculation. This assumption is called ＂perfect rationality＂. A player with perfect rationality can solv...In game theoretic context, it is assumed that the decision maker has the extraordinary skills of reasoning and calculation. This assumption is called ＂perfect rationality＂. A player with perfect rationality can solve complex problems without making mistakes. However, recently, many studies have restricted this rationality or the structure of game. These restrictions are called ＂bounded rationality.＂ The authors also focus on bounded rationality, but with learning dynamics and complex networks. A complex network covers a wide area. Currently, a wide range of studies have not only investigated network formation and the characteristics of a formed network, but also analyzed situations where a network is already provided. In addition, in an analysis using game theory, a prisoners＇ dilemma type game was used to investigate how a change in the network structure would affect the players＇ relationships Therefore, our model employs decision makers with learning dynamics and describes the interaction of decision makers as a network. The purpose of this study is to examine the behavior of the decision maker with learning dynamics and the formation of networks by the interaction of decision makers through an agent-based simulation.展开更多
The paper compares the height growth velocities of male schoolchildren in South Korea and Japan over the period 1961-2018. Growth in height was measured with the same birth cohorts, not by comparing mean height of asc...The paper compares the height growth velocities of male schoolchildren in South Korea and Japan over the period 1961-2018. Growth in height was measured with the same birth cohorts, not by comparing mean height of ascending ages in the same year. Starting from a lower economic base and mean height in the 1960s, high school males aged 17 in South Korea became 3 cm taller in mean height than their Japanese peers in the mid-2000s versus 2 - 3 cm shorter in the 1960s through 1970s. Children in Japan ceased to grow taller by the end of the 1980s, not because they quit taking more animal-sourced foods, meat and milk, but because they had drastically steered away from fruit and vegetables in their diets since the end of the 1970s. Having largely converged economically with Japan, South Korean children ceased to grow any taller in the mid-2000s. More importantly, it was discovered in this study that successive cohorts in South Korea started to fall gradually but steadily in height growth velocity from 1<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">st</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> graders in middle school, aged 12 years to 3</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">rd</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> graders in high school, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">aged 17 years, to be once again 3 cm below their Japanese peers in the early-2010s. Analysis of Korea Household Expenditure Surveys classified by age groups of household head, decomposed by the author, revealed that children under 20 years of age in South Korea began to steer away from fruit and, particularly, vegetables in their at-home consumption in the mid-1990s, to average only 15% of the level of older adults in their 50s in the mid-2010s. These results lend supports to the importance of fruit and vegetables as determinants in height and its growth velocities in two genetically similar nations over time and stages of ec展开更多
文摘The primary endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria with primitive eukaryotes is assumed to have occurred in ancient times, leading to the formation of plants with chloroplasts. However, since this possibility has remained experimentally unproven, we tried to convert heterotrophic eukaryotes like protozoa to autotrophs with chloroplasts. For this, when eukaryotic and heterotrophic Dictyostelium cells were forcibly cultivated with two kinds of photosynthetic bacteria (the purple non-sulfur bacterium Rhodobacter and then the cyanobacterium Synechocystis) as food sources, unique autotrophic organisms consisting of multinucleate plasmodia and their derived amoeboid cells, which had very strange morphology and behaviors, were formed by endosymbiosis of the bacteria. In this case, long-term pre-cultivation with Rdodobacter seemed to be prerequisites for the formation of the autotrophic organisms. The resulting, green-colored plasmodium contained a number of Synechocystis-derived bodies in the cytoplasm. The measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence indicates that the Synechocystis-derived bodies are like chloroplasts giving the ability of photosynthesis. Only, since the fine structural characteristics and genetic background of the autotrophic multinucleate plasmodia and their derived-amoeboid cells are extremely strange, we discuss the possibility of thinking about those reasons.
文摘The Dutch have been the world tallest since the 1980s but plateaued in height for the past few decades. A century and a half ago, young men at 20 in the Netherlands were 165 cm in mean height, as tall as men in France and Portugal. They grew to 178 cm, as tall as Norwegian in 1960</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> and 183 cm in mean height in the 1990s and levelled off. It is most likely that the Dutch may have nearly attained genetic potential as a human being. </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">The </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">statue is a net measure that captures the supply of inputs to health. Based on the changes in <i>per capita</i> supply of protein from animal products, FAOSTAT, the Dutch seem <span>to have reached the highest level in <i>per capita</i> supply of animal protein.</span> In<span>creases in </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">supply of protein, however, do not result in increasing human</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> height, if consumption of other “essential nutrients” is insufficient (Blum, 2013;Mori, 2018)</span></span></span><span><span><span>[1][2]</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">. With the close case studies of Japan and South Korea in respect of food consumption specifically by children in growing ages, the author sus<span>pects that children in the Netherlands may have been insufficient in </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">the</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">supply <span>of vegetables, “essential nutrients” on the top of animal products.
文摘Child height in Japan and South Korea increased dramatically over the past half century. At age 17 - 18 years, male students in Japan were 2 cm taller in the 1960s through 1970s, still barely taller in the 1980s than S. Korean students, but by the early 1990s they ceased to grow any taller in height, whereas their Korean peers kept increasing in height to overtake their Japanese peers by 3 cm in the mid-2000s. Economic growth was rapid in both countries, but S. Korea some two decades behind Japan. Per capita GDP in Japan was four times that in S. Korea in the mid-1980s and twice in the early-2000s. Food consumption increased conspicuously in both countries, with per capita net supply of animal products in Japan noticeably exceeding that in S. Korea in the early-2000s. However, per capita total caloric intake has been a few hundred kcal/day greater in S. Korea than in Japan since the end of 1970s, mainly from cereals. In particular, S. Koreans have consumed nearly twice as many vegetables as Japanese after the early 1980s. What may deserve attention is that Japanese youth, as compared to their older generations, drastically reduced their consumption of fruit and vegetables in the mid-1970s, whereas their S. Korean counterparts have maintained their consumption of these produce. These contrasts in food consumption patterns may have contributed to the differences in child height development in the two countries.
文摘Hydrogen gas sensor device with simple planar structure based on p^+ silicon substrate with n-type epi-layer was fabricated only by using a lift-off technique of an evaporated metal film.The device consists of Ohmic source and drain electrodes and platinum Schottky gate electrode.This sensor device has a little similar property as FET.Current-voltage characteristics between the source and drain of the device are sensitive to hydrogen gas.The voltage difference between in hydrogen ambient and oxygen ambient is about 2.3 volts for a constant current of 0.9 mA.The device can detect 0.4% hydrogen gas in air.Based on oxidation reaction of hydrogen on the surface of the platinum gate,hydrogen sensitivity of the device changes by the coexisting oxygen concentration.Electrons flow in the buried channel formed between the gate electrode and the p^+n junction.It was confirmed that the gate bias influences the properties.The current-voltage property changes also depending on the wiring method.
文摘Delafossite structured p-type wide bandgap semiconductor, CuYO<sub>2</sub> thin films were prepared on SiO<sub>2</sub> substrate by sol-gel method using copper (II) acetate and yttrium (III) acetate as source materials. The films preparation process was studied by varying annealing temperature after the preparation of gel films by spin coating, followed by thermal annealing at higher temperature. In the present work, one step annealing directly from Cu-Y-gel under nitrogen flow was used. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the film annealed at 800<sup>。</sup>C is significantly c-axis oriented, shows only (002) and (004) peaks at 15.6<sup>。</sup> and 31.5<sup>。</sup>, respectively. The optical bandgap of 3.7 - 3.8 eV is estimated by (αhν)2 plot which is higher than previous works. In addition, the films with highly c-axis orientation showed photoluminescence (PL) at room temperature with very broad peak at 2.3 eV. The films annealed at different temperature showed different structural properties.
文摘We prepare CuGaO2 thin films on SiO2 substrates by using the sol-gel spin-coating method with two combinations of Cu and a Ga source, Cu and Ga nitrate, or acetylacetonate. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the thin films prepared using nitrate sol that are annealed at a temperature of 850°C - 950°C show both c-axis-orientated peaks, (006) and a non-c-axis-oriented peak (012) with similar intensity;little dependence of signal intensity on annealing temperature is also shown. The films are opaque in appearance at these annealing temperatures. Scanning electron microscope observation reveals that the opaque appearance is due to the texture or cracks on the surface of the films. In contrast, the films prepared using acetylacetonate show a (006) peak with higher signal intensity than the (012) peaks. The films show more transparent appearance than that of the films by nitrate. The highest conductivity of the film is 5.7 × 10-4Ω-1·cm-1, obtained in the films by nitrate annealed at 850°C.
文摘The solid-phase reaction of sapphire (Al2O3) substrates and spin-coated copper nitrate films was studied. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that a CuO fraction was observed by annealing at temperatures higher than 800℃. In addition, crystalline CuAlO2 was formed at annealing temperatures in the range of 900℃ – 1000℃ by solid-phase reaction of the spin-coated films and sapphire substrate. Crystalline CuAlO2 was formed by annealing at 1000℃ for 5 - 10 h, and CuAl2O4 was formed by annealing at 1000℃ for 15 h. When annealing under N2 flow, Cu2O was observed rather than CuAlO2. For a sample annealed in air at 1000℃ for 5 h, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements at various depths from surface revealed that Cu2+ ions are located around the surface, which suggests that the CuO fraction is present near the surface while the CuAlO2 fraction is located at greater depths from the surface of the samples. The depth profile of the sample suggests that there is no pure CuAlO2 layer in the sample, but that crystalline CuAlO2 is present in the sample as a mixture with CuO and Al2O3.
文摘The Last Lawn of the Afternoon is one of Haruki Murakami’s most important early short stories.In this paper,I avoid conventional arguments,focusing my analysis on the encounter between the middle-aged woman and Boku,and the work’s historical backdrop and setting instead.This reveals how Boku’s personal experience speaks to the everyday lives of Japanese citizens at the mercy of circumstances in postwar Japan under American influence and international events.It appears that Murakami attempts to convert the personal minority“memories”,lurking in the everyday order of postwar Japan,into“novels”as open collaborative storiesin his early short stories.
文摘In game theoretic context, it is assumed that the decision maker has the extraordinary skills of reasoning and calculation. This assumption is called ＂perfect rationality＂. A player with perfect rationality can solve complex problems without making mistakes. However, recently, many studies have restricted this rationality or the structure of game. These restrictions are called ＂bounded rationality.＂ The authors also focus on bounded rationality, but with learning dynamics and complex networks. A complex network covers a wide area. Currently, a wide range of studies have not only investigated network formation and the characteristics of a formed network, but also analyzed situations where a network is already provided. In addition, in an analysis using game theory, a prisoners＇ dilemma type game was used to investigate how a change in the network structure would affect the players＇ relationships Therefore, our model employs decision makers with learning dynamics and describes the interaction of decision makers as a network. The purpose of this study is to examine the behavior of the decision maker with learning dynamics and the formation of networks by the interaction of decision makers through an agent-based simulation.
文摘The paper compares the height growth velocities of male schoolchildren in South Korea and Japan over the period 1961-2018. Growth in height was measured with the same birth cohorts, not by comparing mean height of ascending ages in the same year. Starting from a lower economic base and mean height in the 1960s, high school males aged 17 in South Korea became 3 cm taller in mean height than their Japanese peers in the mid-2000s versus 2 - 3 cm shorter in the 1960s through 1970s. Children in Japan ceased to grow taller by the end of the 1980s, not because they quit taking more animal-sourced foods, meat and milk, but because they had drastically steered away from fruit and vegetables in their diets since the end of the 1970s. Having largely converged economically with Japan, South Korean children ceased to grow any taller in the mid-2000s. More importantly, it was discovered in this study that successive cohorts in South Korea started to fall gradually but steadily in height growth velocity from 1<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">st</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> graders in middle school, aged 12 years to 3</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">rd</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> graders in high school, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">aged 17 years, to be once again 3 cm below their Japanese peers in the early-2010s. Analysis of Korea Household Expenditure Surveys classified by age groups of household head, decomposed by the author, revealed that children under 20 years of age in South Korea began to steer away from fruit and, particularly, vegetables in their at-home consumption in the mid-1990s, to average only 15% of the level of older adults in their 50s in the mid-2010s. These results lend supports to the importance of fruit and vegetables as determinants in height and its growth velocities in two genetically similar nations over time and stages of ec
