从20世纪40年代开始的体力活动与冠心病发病及死亡风险的研究使人们开始关注体力活动、心肺耐力与健康及疾病风险间的关联。特别是近些年来世界范围内体力活动不足问题日益加剧,体力活动与心肺耐力,以及心肺耐力在人体健康状况及疾病死...从20世纪40年代开始的体力活动与冠心病发病及死亡风险的研究使人们开始关注体力活动、心肺耐力与健康及疾病风险间的关联。特别是近些年来世界范围内体力活动不足问题日益加剧,体力活动与心肺耐力,以及心肺耐力在人体健康状况及疾病死亡风险中的重要作用尤其受到关注,成为公共健康与运动科学领域最活跃的研究方向之一。心肺耐力作为人群体力活动水平的一个客观生理指标,与各人群全死因死亡率及心血管疾病死亡率高度相关,是体质健康各组成部分的核心要素。以Steven N Blair教授在美国Cooper研究所主持开展的有氧中心纵向研究(ACLS)的系列成果为主要参考资料,综述体力活动、心肺耐力与人群健康及疾病风险间的关联,并讨论前瞻性流行病学研究在体力活动与公共健康研究领域的重要功能,揭示心肺耐力在体质健康各要素中的核心地位。展开更多
Background:Gastric cancer mortality decreased substantially over the last decades in most countries worldwide.This study aimed to assess the most recent national trend of gastric cancer mortality and examine the dispa...Background:Gastric cancer mortality decreased substantially over the last decades in most countries worldwide.This study aimed to assess the most recent national trend of gastric cancer mortality and examine the disparity of gastric cancer mortality between rural and urban areas in China.Methods:The crude mortality data of gastric cancer by sex,age group,and area were obtained from China Health Statistical Yearbooks(2003-2015)covering 10%of Chinese population.The age-standardized rates of mortality(ASRM)of gastric cancer in rural and urban areas were estimated using the 2010 Chinese Census population stratified by age,sex,and area.The trend of mortality of gastric cancer was assessed by using Joinpoint analysis.Results:During the 13-year period,the ASRM was reduced from 31.5/100,000 in 2003 to 20.9/100,000 in 2015 in rural areas and from 18.9/100,000 in 2003 to 14.5/100,000 in 2015 in urban areas.In the male population,the annual percent changes of mortality were−2.2%in urban areas(95%confidence interval[CI]−3.8%to−0.6%;P<0.001)and−3.4%in rural areas(95%CI−5.1%to−1.8%;P<0.001).In the female population,the annual percent changes of mortality were−2.7%in urban areas(95%CI−4.2%to−1.2%;P<0.001)and−4.6%in rural areas(95%CI−5.5%to−3.7%;P<0.001).Conclusions:The declining trend of mortality of gastric cancer was presented from 2003 to 2015 in both rural and urban areas in China.The decrease in gastric cancer mortality is greater in rural areas than in urban areas in China.展开更多
The balance between Th17 cells and regulatory T cells(Tregs)has emerged as a prominent factor in regulating autoimmunity and cancer.Th17 cells are vital for host defense against pathogens but have also been implicated...The balance between Th17 cells and regulatory T cells(Tregs)has emerged as a prominent factor in regulating autoimmunity and cancer.Th17 cells are vital for host defense against pathogens but have also been implicated in causing autoimmune disorders and cancer,though their role in carcinogenesis is less well understood.Tregs are required for self-tolerance and defense against autoimmunity and often correlate with cancer progression.This review addresses the importance of a functional homeostasis between these two subsets in health and the consequences of its disruption when these forces collide in disease.Importantly,we discuss the ability of Th17 cells to mediate cancer regression in immunotherapy,including adoptive transfer and checkpoint blockade therapy,and the therapeutic possibilities of purposefully offsetting the Th17/Treg balance to treat patients with cancer as well as those with autoimmune diseases.展开更多
Big Data has emerged in the past few years as a new paradigm providing abundant data and opportunities to improve and/or enable research and decision-support applications with unprecedented value for digital earth app...Big Data has emerged in the past few years as a new paradigm providing abundant data and opportunities to improve and/or enable research and decision-support applications with unprecedented value for digital earth applications including business,sciences and engineering.At the same time,Big Data presents challenges for digital earth to store,transport,process,mine and serve the data.Cloud computing provides fundamental support to address the challenges with shared computing resources including computing,storage,networking and analytical software;the application of these resources has fostered impressive Big Data advancements.This paper surveys the two frontiers–Big Data and cloud computing–and reviews the advantages and consequences of utilizing cloud computing to tackling Big Data in the digital earth and relevant science domains.From the aspects of a general introduction,sources,challenges,technology status and research opportunities,the following observations are offered:(i)cloud computing and Big Data enable science discoveries and application developments;(ii)cloud computing provides major solutions for Big Data;(iii)Big Data,spatiotemporal thinking and various application domains drive the advancement of cloud computing and relevant technologies with new requirements;(iv)intrinsic spatiotemporal principles of Big Data and geospatial sciences provide the source for finding technical and theoretical solutions to optimize cloud computing and processing Big Data;(v)open availability of Big Data and processing capability pose social challenges of geospatial significance and(vi)a weave of innovations is transforming Big Data into geospatial research,engineering and business values.This review introduces future innovations and a research agenda for cloud computing supporting the transformation of the volume,velocity,variety and veracity into values of Big Data for local to global digital earth science and applications.展开更多
Various studies have established that feedstock choice,pyrolysis temperature,and pyrolysis type influence final biochar physicochemical characteristics.However,overarching analyses of pre-biochar creation choices and ...Various studies have established that feedstock choice,pyrolysis temperature,and pyrolysis type influence final biochar physicochemical characteristics.However,overarching analyses of pre-biochar creation choices and correlations to biochar characteristics are severely lacking.Thus,the objective of this work was to help researchers,biochar-stakeholders,and practitioners make more well-informed choices in terms of how these three major parameters influence the final biochar product.Utilizing approximately 5400 peer-reviewed journal articles and over 50,800 individual data points,herein we elucidate the selections that influence final biochar physical and chemical properties,total nutrient content,and perhaps more importantly tools one can use to predict biochar’s nutrient availability.Based on the large dataset collected,it appears that pyrolysis type(fast or slow)plays a minor role in biochar physico-(inorganic)chemical characteristics;few differences were evident between production styles.Pyrolysis temperature,however,affects biochar’s longevity,with pyrolysis temperatures>500℃ generally leading to longer-term(i.e.,>1000 years)half-lives.Greater pyrolysis temperatures also led to biochars containing greater overall C and specific surface area(SSA),which could promote soil physico-chemical improvements.However,based on the collected data,it appears that feedstock selection has the largest influence on biochar properties.Specific surface area is greatest in wood-based biochars,which in combination with pyrolysis temperature could likely promote greater changes in soil physical characteristics over other feedstock-based biochars.Crop-and other grass-based biochars appear to have cation exchange capacities greater than other biochars,which in combination with pyrolysis temperature could potentially lead to longer-term changes in soil nutrient retention.The collected data also suggest that one can reasonably predict the availability of various biochar nutrients(e.g.,N,P,K,Ca,Mg,Fe,and Cu)based on feedstock choi展开更多
Energy and environmental issues presently attract a great deal of scientific attention. Recently, two-dimensional MXenes and MXene-based nanomaterials have attracted increasing interest because of their unique propert...Energy and environmental issues presently attract a great deal of scientific attention. Recently, two-dimensional MXenes and MXene-based nanomaterials have attracted increasing interest because of their unique properties (e.g., remarkable safety, a very large interlayer spacing, environmental flexibility, a large surface area, and thermal conductivity). In 2011, multilayered MXenes (Ti3C2Tx, a new family of two-dimensional (2D) materials) produced by etching an A layer from a MAX phase of Ti3AlC2, were first described by researchers at Drexel University. The term “MXene” was coined to distinguish this new family of 2D materials from graphene, and applies to both the original MAX phases and MXenes fabricated from them. We present a comprehensive review of recent studies on energy and environmental applications of MXene and MXene-based nanomaterials, including energy conversion and storage, adsorption, membrane, photocatalysis, and antimicrobial. Future research needs are discussed briefly with current challenges that must be overcome before we completely understand the extraordinary properties of MXene and MXene-based nanomaterials.展开更多
This paper investigates a multi-resolution digital Earth model called PYXIS,which was developed by PYXIS Innovation Inc.The PYXIS hexagonal grids employ an efficient hierarchical labeling scheme for addressing pixels....This paper investigates a multi-resolution digital Earth model called PYXIS,which was developed by PYXIS Innovation Inc.The PYXIS hexagonal grids employ an efficient hierarchical labeling scheme for addressing pixels.We provide a recursive definition of the PYXIS grids,a systematic approach to the labeling,an algorithm to add PYXIS labels,and a discussion of the discrete Fourier transform on PYXIS grids.展开更多
Neurotrophic factors comprise essential secreted proteins that have several functions in neural and non-neural tissues, mediating the development, survival and maintenance of peripheral and central nervous system. The...Neurotrophic factors comprise essential secreted proteins that have several functions in neural and non-neural tissues, mediating the development, survival and maintenance of peripheral and central nervous system. Therefore, neurotrophic factor issue has been extensively investigated into the context of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer＇s disease and Parkinson＇s disease show changes in the regulation of specific neurotrophic factors and their receptors, which appear to be critical for neuronal degeneration. Indeed, neurotrophic factors prevent cell death in degenerative processes and can enhance the growth and function of affected neurons in these disorders. Based on recent reports, this review discusses the main findings related to the neurotrophic factor support – mainly brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor – in the survival, proliferation and maturation of affected neurons in Alzheimer＇s disease and Parkinson＇s disease as well as their putative application as new therapeutic approach for these diseases management.展开更多
Diabetes is a leading chronic disease of childhood and adolescence. In addition to the well-known auto-immune, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus （type 1 diabetes （T 1D））, the past two decades have witnessed the ...Diabetes is a leading chronic disease of childhood and adolescence. In addition to the well-known auto-immune, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus （type 1 diabetes （T 1D））, the past two decades have witnessed the emergence of type 2 diabetes （T2D） in children and adolescents, which previously was only seen in middle-aged or older adults. One of the key components of diabetes management is physical activity （PA）. The beneficial effects of increased PA and decreased sedentary behavior are extremely important in youth with diabetes because of the markedly increased long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in this population compared to persons without diabetes. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the epidemiologic, observational research published and listed in PubMed between 1970 and 2012 on PA and sedentary behaviors, as well as physical fitness in children and adolescents with T1D and T2D. Additionally, we describe briefly the state of knowledge on perceived barriers of PA in persons with diabetes, with a focus on hypoglycemia. Finally, we provide an overview of the epidemiological literature pertaining to health benefits of increased PA in youth with TID and T2D and briefly discuss the topic of exercise-related hypoglycemia, Copyright ~ 2012, Shanghai University of Sport. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.展开更多
Crosstalk between plant hormone signaling pathways is vital for controlling the immune response during pathogen invasion.Salicylic acid(SA)and jas-monic acid(JA)often play important but antagonistic roles in the immun...Crosstalk between plant hormone signaling pathways is vital for controlling the immune response during pathogen invasion.Salicylic acid(SA)and jas-monic acid(JA)often play important but antagonistic roles in the immune responses of higher plants.Here,we identify a basic helix-loop-helix transcription acti-vator,OsbHLH6,which confers disease resistance in rice by regulating SA and JA signaling via nucleo-cytosolic trafficking in rice(Oryza sativa).OsbHLH6 expression was upregulated during Magnaporthe oryzae infection.Transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsbHLH6 display increased JA responsive gene expression and enhanced disease susceptibility to the pathogen.Nucleus-localized OsbHLH6 activates JA signaling and suppresses SA signaling;however,the SA regulator OsNPR1(Nonexpressor of PR genes 1)sequesters OsbHLH6 in the cytosol to alleviate its effect.Our data suggest that OsbHLH6 controls disease re-sistance by dynamically regulating SA and JA signaling.展开更多
Sequencing data from 10 species show that a plant hexokinase （HXK） family contains 5-11 genes. Functionally, a given family can include metabolic catalysts, glucose signaling proteins, and non-catalytic, apparent re...Sequencing data from 10 species show that a plant hexokinase （HXK） family contains 5-11 genes. Functionally, a given family can include metabolic catalysts, glucose signaling proteins, and non-catalytic, apparent regulatory enzyme homologs. This study has two goals. The first aim is to develop a predictive method to determine which HXK proteins within a species have which type of function. The second aim is to determine whether HXK-dependent glucose signaling proteins occur among more primitive plants, as well as among angiosperms. Using a molecular phylogeny ap- proach, combined with selective experimental testing, we found that non-catalytic HXK homologs might occur in all plants, including the relatively primitive Selaginella moellendorffi. We also found that different lineages of angiosperm HXKs have apparent conserved features for catalytic activity and for sub-cellular targeting. Most higher-plant HXKs are expressed predominantly at mitochondria, with HXKs of one lineage occurring in the plastid, and HXKs of one monocot lineage occurring in the cytosol. Using protoplast transient expression assays, we found that HXK glucose signaling pro- teins occur likely in all higher plants and in S. moellendorffi as well. Thus, the use of glucose by plant HXK isoforms in metabolism and/or as a regulatory metabolite occurs as widespread, conserved processes.展开更多
The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota.The present work provides an overview of all validly published,currently used basidiomycete genera t...The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota.The present work provides an overview of all validly published,currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document.An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided,which includes 1928 currently used genera names,with 1263 synonyms,which are distributed in 241 families,68 orders,18 classes and four subphyla.We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification,number of accepted species,type species,life mode,habitat,distribution,and sequence information.Furthermore,three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU,SSU,5.8s,rpb1,rpb2,and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina,Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted,respectively.Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders,168 families and 605 genera.Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406-430 Mya,classes are 211-383 Mya,and orders are 99-323 Mya,which are largely consistent with previous studies.In this study,all phylogenetically supported families were dated,with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27-178 Mya,Pucciniomycotina from 85-222 Mya,and Ustilaginomycotina from 79-177 Mya.Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system,and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.展开更多
背景与目的在过去几十年里,世界上多数国家的胃癌死亡率大幅下降。本研究旨在评估中国胃癌死亡率的最新趋势,并分析中国农村和城市地区胃癌死亡率的差异。方法胃癌按性别、年龄组和地域划分的粗死亡率数据来源于覆盖中国10%人口的《中...背景与目的在过去几十年里,世界上多数国家的胃癌死亡率大幅下降。本研究旨在评估中国胃癌死亡率的最新趋势,并分析中国农村和城市地区胃癌死亡率的差异。方法胃癌按性别、年龄组和地域划分的粗死亡率数据来源于覆盖中国10%人口的《中国卫生统计年鉴(2003–2015)》。采用2010年中国人口普查按年龄、性别和地区划分的人群,估算城乡胃癌的年龄标准化死亡率(age-standardized rates of mortality,ASRM)。采用Joinpoint分析法评估胃癌死亡率趋势。结果在13年间,农村地区的ASRM从2003年的31.5/100,000降至2015年的20.9/100,000,城市地区从2003年的18.9/100,000降至2015年的14.5/100,000。在男性中,城市地区的死亡率年度百分比变化为-2.2%[95%置信区间(CI):-3.8%–-0.6%;P<0.001],农村地区的死亡率年度百分比变化为-3.4%(95%CI:-5.1%–-1.8%;P<0.001)。在女性中,城市地区的死亡率年度百分比变化为-2.7%(95%CI:-4.2%–-1.2%;P<0.001),农村地区的死亡率年度百分比变化为-4.6%(95%CI:-5.5%–-3.7%;P<0.001)。结论2003年至2015年,我国农村和城市的胃癌死亡率均呈下降趋势。中国农村地区胃癌死亡率的下降幅度大于城市地区。展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the best diagnostic technique and risk factors of the human Cytomegalovirus(HCMV)and Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)infection in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).METHODS:A cohort of 40 IBD patients(17 refractor...AIM:To evaluate the best diagnostic technique and risk factors of the human Cytomegalovirus(HCMV)and Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)infection in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).METHODS:A cohort of 40 IBD patients(17 refractory)and 40 controls underwent peripheral blood and endoscopic colonic mucosal sample harvest.Viral infection was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry,and correlations with clinical and endoscopic indexes of activity,and risk factors were investigated.RESULTS:All refractory patients carried detectable levels of HCMV and/or EBV mucosal load as comparedto 13/23(56.5%)non-refractory and 13/40(32.5%)controls.The median DNA value was significantly higher in refractory(HCMV 286 and EBV 5.440 copies/105cells)than in non-refractory(HCMV 0 and EBV 6copies/105 cells;P<0.05 and<0.001)IBD patients and controls(HCMV and EBV 0 copies/105 cells;P<0.001 for both).Refractory patients showed DNA peak values≥103 copies/105 cells in diseased mucosa in comparison to non-diseased mucosa(P<0.0121 for HCMV and<0.0004 for EBV),while non-refractory patients and controls invariably displayed levels below this threshold,thus allowing us to differentiate viral colitis from mucosal infection.Moreover,the mucosal load positively correlated with the values found in the peripheral blood,whilst no correlation with the number of positive cells at immunohistochemistry was found.Steroid use was identified as a significant risk factor for both HCMV(P=0.018)and EBV(P=0.002)colitis.Finally,a course of specific antiviral therapy with ganciclovir was successful in all refractory patients with HCMV colitis,whilst refractory patients with EBV colitis did not show any improvement despite steroid tapering and discontinuation of the other medications.CONCLUSION:Viral colitis appeared to contribute to mucosal lesions in refractory IBD,and its correct diagnosis and management require quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay of mucosal specimens.展开更多
Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide with increasing prevalence in all age groups,genders,and ethnicities.Most chronic disease deaths occur in middle-to low-income countries but are also a signifi...Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide with increasing prevalence in all age groups,genders,and ethnicities.Most chronic disease deaths occur in middle-to low-income countries but are also a significant health problem in developed nations.Multiple chronic diseases now affect children and adolescents as well as adults.Being physically inactive is associated with increased chronic disease risk.Global societies are being negatively impacted by the increasing prevalence of chronic disease which is directly related to rising healthcare expenditures,workforce complications regarding attendance and productivity,military personnel recruitment,and academic success.However,increased physical activity(PA)and exercise are associated with reduced chronic disease risk.Most physiologic systems in the body benefit positively from PA and exercise by primary disease prevention and secondary disease prevention/treatment.The purpose of this brief review is to describe the significant global problem of chronic diseases for adults and children,and how PA and exercise can provide a noninvasive means for added prevention and treatment.展开更多
A major challenge in materials design is how to efficiently search the vast chemical design space to find the materials with desired properties.One effective strategy is to develop sampling algorithms that can exploit...A major challenge in materials design is how to efficiently search the vast chemical design space to find the materials with desired properties.One effective strategy is to develop sampling algorithms that can exploit both explicit chemical knowledge and implicit composition rules embodied in the large materials database.Here,we propose a generative machine learning model(MatGAN)based on a generative adversarial network(GAN)for efficient generation of new hypothetical inorganic materials.Trained with materials from the ICSD database,our GAN model can generate hypothetical materials not existing in the training dataset,reaching a novelty of 92.53% when generating 2 million samples.The percentage of chemically valid(charge-neutral and electronegativitybalanced)samples out of all generated ones reaches 84.5% when generated by our GAN trained with such samples screened from ICSD,even though no such chemical rules are explicitly enforced in our GAN model,indicating its capability to learn implicit chemical composition rules to form compounds.Our algorithm is expected to be used to greatly expand the range of the design space for inverse design and large-scale computational screening of inorganic materials.展开更多
With the combination of engine and two electric machines, the power split device allows higher efficiency of the engine. The operation modes of a power split HEV are analyzed, and the system dynamic model is establish...With the combination of engine and two electric machines, the power split device allows higher efficiency of the engine. The operation modes of a power split HEV are analyzed, and the system dynamic model is established for HEV forward simulation and controller design. Considering the fact that the operation modes of the HEV are event-driven and the system dynamics is continuous time-driven for each mode, the structure of the controller is built and described with the hybrid automaton control theory. In this control structure, the mode selection process is depicted by the finite state machine （FSM）. The multi-mode switch controller is designed to realize power distribution. Furthermore, the vehicle mode operations are optimized, and the nonlinear model predictive control （NMPC） strategy is applied by implementing dynamic programming （DP） in the finite pre- diction horizon. Comparative simulation results demonstrate that the hybrid control structure is effective and feasible for HEV energy management design. The NMPC optimal strategy is superior in improving fuel economy.展开更多
The primary objective of this paper is to develop output only modal identification and structural damage detection. Identification of multi-degree of freedom （MDOF） linear time invariant （LTI） and linear time vari...The primary objective of this paper is to develop output only modal identification and structural damage detection. Identification of multi-degree of freedom （MDOF） linear time invariant （LTI） and linear time variant （LTV--due to damage） systems based on Time-frequency （TF） techniques--such as short-time Fourier transform （STFT）, empirical mode decomposition （EMD）, and wavelets--is proposed. STFT, EMD, and wavelet methods developed to date are reviewed in detail. In addition a Hilbert transform （HT） approach to determine frequency and damping is also presented. In this paper, STFT, EMD, HT and wavelet techniques are developed for decomposition of free vibration response of MDOF systems into their modal components. Once the modal components are obtained, each one is processed using Hilbert transform to obtain the modal frequency and damping ratios. In addition, the ratio of modal components at different degrees of freedom facilitate determination of mode shape. In cases with output only modal identification using ambient/random response, the random decrement technique is used to obtain free vibration response. The advantage of TF techniques is that they arc signal based; hence, can be used for output only modal identification. A three degree of freedom 1：10 scale model test structure is used to validate the proposed output only modal identification techniques based on STFT, EMD, HT, wavelets. Both measured free vibration and forced vibration （white noise） response are considered. The secondary objective of this paper is to show the relative ease with which the TF techniques can be used for modal identification and their potential for real world applications where output only identification is essential. Recorded ambient vibration data processed using techniques such as the random decrement technique can be used to obtain the free vibration response, so that further processing using TF based modal identification can be performed.展开更多
文摘从20世纪40年代开始的体力活动与冠心病发病及死亡风险的研究使人们开始关注体力活动、心肺耐力与健康及疾病风险间的关联。特别是近些年来世界范围内体力活动不足问题日益加剧,体力活动与心肺耐力,以及心肺耐力在人体健康状况及疾病死亡风险中的重要作用尤其受到关注,成为公共健康与运动科学领域最活跃的研究方向之一。心肺耐力作为人群体力活动水平的一个客观生理指标,与各人群全死因死亡率及心血管疾病死亡率高度相关,是体质健康各组成部分的核心要素。以Steven N Blair教授在美国Cooper研究所主持开展的有氧中心纵向研究(ACLS)的系列成果为主要参考资料,综述体力活动、心肺耐力与人群健康及疾病风险间的关联,并讨论前瞻性流行病学研究在体力活动与公共健康研究领域的重要功能,揭示心肺耐力在体质健康各要素中的核心地位。
基金This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 31870983).
文摘Background:Gastric cancer mortality decreased substantially over the last decades in most countries worldwide.This study aimed to assess the most recent national trend of gastric cancer mortality and examine the disparity of gastric cancer mortality between rural and urban areas in China.Methods:The crude mortality data of gastric cancer by sex,age group,and area were obtained from China Health Statistical Yearbooks(2003-2015)covering 10%of Chinese population.The age-standardized rates of mortality(ASRM)of gastric cancer in rural and urban areas were estimated using the 2010 Chinese Census population stratified by age,sex,and area.The trend of mortality of gastric cancer was assessed by using Joinpoint analysis.Results:During the 13-year period,the ASRM was reduced from 31.5/100,000 in 2003 to 20.9/100,000 in 2015 in rural areas and from 18.9/100,000 in 2003 to 14.5/100,000 in 2015 in urban areas.In the male population,the annual percent changes of mortality were−2.2%in urban areas(95%confidence interval[CI]−3.8%to−0.6%;P<0.001)and−3.4%in rural areas(95%CI−5.1%to−1.8%;P<0.001).In the female population,the annual percent changes of mortality were−2.7%in urban areas(95%CI−4.2%to−1.2%;P<0.001)and−4.6%in rural areas(95%CI−5.5%to−3.7%;P<0.001).Conclusions:The declining trend of mortality of gastric cancer was presented from 2003 to 2015 in both rural and urban areas in China.The decrease in gastric cancer mortality is greater in rural areas than in urban areas in China.
基金supported in part by NIH Training grant T32 GM08716 to H.M.K.,NIH Fellowship grant F31 CA192787 to S.R.B.,NIH Training grant T32 AI132164-01 to C.J.D.,NCI Grants R01 CA175061 and R01 CA208514,KL2 South Carolina Clinical&Translational Research grant UL1 TR000062,ACS-IRG grant 016623-004 and MUSC Start-up funds to C.M.P.
文摘The balance between Th17 cells and regulatory T cells(Tregs)has emerged as a prominent factor in regulating autoimmunity and cancer.Th17 cells are vital for host defense against pathogens but have also been implicated in causing autoimmune disorders and cancer,though their role in carcinogenesis is less well understood.Tregs are required for self-tolerance and defense against autoimmunity and often correlate with cancer progression.This review addresses the importance of a functional homeostasis between these two subsets in health and the consequences of its disruption when these forces collide in disease.Importantly,we discuss the ability of Th17 cells to mediate cancer regression in immunotherapy,including adoptive transfer and checkpoint blockade therapy,and the therapeutic possibilities of purposefully offsetting the Th17/Treg balance to treat patients with cancer as well as those with autoimmune diseases.
基金NASA AIST Program[NNX15AM85G]NCCS[NNG14HH38I]+2 种基金Goddard[NNG16PU001]NSF I/UCRC[1338925]EarthCube[ICER-1540998],CNS[1117300],Microsoft,Amazon,Northrop Grumman,Harris,and United Nations.
文摘Big Data has emerged in the past few years as a new paradigm providing abundant data and opportunities to improve and/or enable research and decision-support applications with unprecedented value for digital earth applications including business,sciences and engineering.At the same time,Big Data presents challenges for digital earth to store,transport,process,mine and serve the data.Cloud computing provides fundamental support to address the challenges with shared computing resources including computing,storage,networking and analytical software;the application of these resources has fostered impressive Big Data advancements.This paper surveys the two frontiers–Big Data and cloud computing–and reviews the advantages and consequences of utilizing cloud computing to tackling Big Data in the digital earth and relevant science domains.From the aspects of a general introduction,sources,challenges,technology status and research opportunities,the following observations are offered:(i)cloud computing and Big Data enable science discoveries and application developments;(ii)cloud computing provides major solutions for Big Data;(iii)Big Data,spatiotemporal thinking and various application domains drive the advancement of cloud computing and relevant technologies with new requirements;(iv)intrinsic spatiotemporal principles of Big Data and geospatial sciences provide the source for finding technical and theoretical solutions to optimize cloud computing and processing Big Data;(v)open availability of Big Data and processing capability pose social challenges of geospatial significance and(vi)a weave of innovations is transforming Big Data into geospatial research,engineering and business values.This review introduces future innovations and a research agenda for cloud computing supporting the transformation of the volume,velocity,variety and veracity into values of Big Data for local to global digital earth science and applications.
基金This work was partially supported by the USDA/NIFA Interagency Climate Change Grant Proposal number 2014-02114[Project number 6657-12130-002-08I,Accession number 1003011]under the Multi-Partner Call on Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research of the FACCE-Joint Program Initiative.The German BLE and FACCE-JPI funded the German participants of the“DesignerChar4Food”(D4F)project(CK:Project No.2814ERA01A,NW-M:Project No.2814ERA02A)the Spanish colleagues(JME and TFM)were funded by FACCE-CSA no 276610/MIT04-DESIGN-UPVASC and IT-932-16,MLC thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science,Innovation and Universities,project#RTI2018-099417-B-I00+3 种基金cofinanced with EU FEDER funds and US colleagues(JN,JI and KS)were funded by The USDA-National Institute of Food and Agriculture(Project#2014-35615-21971)USDA-ARS CHARnet and GRACENet programs–D4F greatly stimulated discussions.Any opinions,findings,or recommendation expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the USDAThis work was also partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under a Grant number of 41501339,21677119,21277115,41301551,21407123,Jiangsu Province Science Foundation for Youths under a grant number of BK20140468,sponsored by Qing Lan ProjectOpen access funding provided by Natural Resources Institute Finland(LUKE).
文摘Various studies have established that feedstock choice,pyrolysis temperature,and pyrolysis type influence final biochar physicochemical characteristics.However,overarching analyses of pre-biochar creation choices and correlations to biochar characteristics are severely lacking.Thus,the objective of this work was to help researchers,biochar-stakeholders,and practitioners make more well-informed choices in terms of how these three major parameters influence the final biochar product.Utilizing approximately 5400 peer-reviewed journal articles and over 50,800 individual data points,herein we elucidate the selections that influence final biochar physical and chemical properties,total nutrient content,and perhaps more importantly tools one can use to predict biochar’s nutrient availability.Based on the large dataset collected,it appears that pyrolysis type(fast or slow)plays a minor role in biochar physico-(inorganic)chemical characteristics;few differences were evident between production styles.Pyrolysis temperature,however,affects biochar’s longevity,with pyrolysis temperatures>500℃ generally leading to longer-term(i.e.,>1000 years)half-lives.Greater pyrolysis temperatures also led to biochars containing greater overall C and specific surface area(SSA),which could promote soil physico-chemical improvements.However,based on the collected data,it appears that feedstock selection has the largest influence on biochar properties.Specific surface area is greatest in wood-based biochars,which in combination with pyrolysis temperature could likely promote greater changes in soil physical characteristics over other feedstock-based biochars.Crop-and other grass-based biochars appear to have cation exchange capacities greater than other biochars,which in combination with pyrolysis temperature could potentially lead to longer-term changes in soil nutrient retention.The collected data also suggest that one can reasonably predict the availability of various biochar nutrients(e.g.,N,P,K,Ca,Mg,Fe,and Cu)based on feedstock choi
文摘Energy and environmental issues presently attract a great deal of scientific attention. Recently, two-dimensional MXenes and MXene-based nanomaterials have attracted increasing interest because of their unique properties (e.g., remarkable safety, a very large interlayer spacing, environmental flexibility, a large surface area, and thermal conductivity). In 2011, multilayered MXenes (Ti3C2Tx, a new family of two-dimensional (2D) materials) produced by etching an A layer from a MAX phase of Ti3AlC2, were first described by researchers at Drexel University. The term “MXene” was coined to distinguish this new family of 2D materials from graphene, and applies to both the original MAX phases and MXenes fabricated from them. We present a comprehensive review of recent studies on energy and environmental applications of MXene and MXene-based nanomaterials, including energy conversion and storage, adsorption, membrane, photocatalysis, and antimicrobial. Future research needs are discussed briefly with current challenges that must be overcome before we completely understand the extraordinary properties of MXene and MXene-based nanomaterials.
文摘This paper investigates a multi-resolution digital Earth model called PYXIS,which was developed by PYXIS Innovation Inc.The PYXIS hexagonal grids employ an efficient hierarchical labeling scheme for addressing pixels.We provide a recursive definition of the PYXIS grids,a systematic approach to the labeling,an algorithm to add PYXIS labels,and a discussion of the discrete Fourier transform on PYXIS grids.
基金supported by the Brazilian agencies:Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnologico(CNPq)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(CAPES)+4 种基金Programa de Apoio aos Nucleos de Excelencia(PRONEX)Fundacao de AmparoaPesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul(FAPERGS)Fundacao de ApoioàPesquisa do Estado de Santa Catarina(FAPESC)FINEP(Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos)INCT(Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia)
文摘Neurotrophic factors comprise essential secreted proteins that have several functions in neural and non-neural tissues, mediating the development, survival and maintenance of peripheral and central nervous system. Therefore, neurotrophic factor issue has been extensively investigated into the context of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer＇s disease and Parkinson＇s disease show changes in the regulation of specific neurotrophic factors and their receptors, which appear to be critical for neuronal degeneration. Indeed, neurotrophic factors prevent cell death in degenerative processes and can enhance the growth and function of affected neurons in these disorders. Based on recent reports, this review discusses the main findings related to the neurotrophic factor support – mainly brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor – in the survival, proliferation and maturation of affected neurons in Alzheimer＇s disease and Parkinson＇s disease as well as their putative application as new therapeutic approach for these diseases management.
文摘Diabetes is a leading chronic disease of childhood and adolescence. In addition to the well-known auto-immune, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus （type 1 diabetes （T 1D））, the past two decades have witnessed the emergence of type 2 diabetes （T2D） in children and adolescents, which previously was only seen in middle-aged or older adults. One of the key components of diabetes management is physical activity （PA）. The beneficial effects of increased PA and decreased sedentary behavior are extremely important in youth with diabetes because of the markedly increased long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in this population compared to persons without diabetes. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the epidemiologic, observational research published and listed in PubMed between 1970 and 2012 on PA and sedentary behaviors, as well as physical fitness in children and adolescents with T1D and T2D. Additionally, we describe briefly the state of knowledge on perceived barriers of PA in persons with diabetes, with a focus on hypoglycemia. Finally, we provide an overview of the epidemiological literature pertaining to health benefits of increased PA in youth with TID and T2D and briefly discuss the topic of exercise-related hypoglycemia, Copyright ~ 2012, Shanghai University of Sport. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
基金The study was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Strategic Priority Research Program Grant No.XDB11020300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570252,31601629)the start-up fund of'OneHundred Talents'program of the Chinese Academy ofSciences and by the grants from the State Key Labo-ratory of Plant Genomics(Grant No.O8KF021011)to JL.
文摘Crosstalk between plant hormone signaling pathways is vital for controlling the immune response during pathogen invasion.Salicylic acid(SA)and jas-monic acid(JA)often play important but antagonistic roles in the immune responses of higher plants.Here,we identify a basic helix-loop-helix transcription acti-vator,OsbHLH6,which confers disease resistance in rice by regulating SA and JA signaling via nucleo-cytosolic trafficking in rice(Oryza sativa).OsbHLH6 expression was upregulated during Magnaporthe oryzae infection.Transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsbHLH6 display increased JA responsive gene expression and enhanced disease susceptibility to the pathogen.Nucleus-localized OsbHLH6 activates JA signaling and suppresses SA signaling;however,the SA regulator OsNPR1(Nonexpressor of PR genes 1)sequesters OsbHLH6 in the cytosol to alleviate its effect.Our data suggest that OsbHLH6 controls disease re-sistance by dynamically regulating SA and JA signaling.
文摘Sequencing data from 10 species show that a plant hexokinase （HXK） family contains 5-11 genes. Functionally, a given family can include metabolic catalysts, glucose signaling proteins, and non-catalytic, apparent regulatory enzyme homologs. This study has two goals. The first aim is to develop a predictive method to determine which HXK proteins within a species have which type of function. The second aim is to determine whether HXK-dependent glucose signaling proteins occur among more primitive plants, as well as among angiosperms. Using a molecular phylogeny ap- proach, combined with selective experimental testing, we found that non-catalytic HXK homologs might occur in all plants, including the relatively primitive Selaginella moellendorffi. We also found that different lineages of angiosperm HXKs have apparent conserved features for catalytic activity and for sub-cellular targeting. Most higher-plant HXKs are expressed predominantly at mitochondria, with HXKs of one lineage occurring in the plastid, and HXKs of one monocot lineage occurring in the cytosol. Using protoplast transient expression assays, we found that HXK glucose signaling pro- teins occur likely in all higher plants and in S. moellendorffi as well. Thus, the use of glucose by plant HXK isoforms in metabolism and/or as a regulatory metabolite occurs as widespread, conserved processes.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(Project No.2018YFD0400200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project IDs:31470152,31360014 and 31970010)+18 种基金Beijing Innovative Consortium of Agriculture Research System(Project ID:BAIC05-2019)the Thailand Research funds for grant RDG6130001 entitled"Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion"Thailand Science Research and Innovation fund for the grant DBG6280009 entitled Macrofungi diversity research from the Lancang-Mekong Watershed and surrounding areasCroatian Science Foundation for support under the project For FungiDNA(IP-2018-01-1736)the support provided by the Moravian Museum by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic as part of its long-term conceptual development programme for research institutions[Grant Number DKRVO,Ref.MK000094862]National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270072)the Special Funds for the Young Scholars of Taxonomy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZSBR-001)National Key Basic Research Special Foundation of China(2013FY110400)support from the Department of Science&Technology(DST),New Delhi,Indiain the form of a DST-Inspire Faculty Fellowship(DST/INSPIRE/04/2018/001906,dated 24 July,2018)State task of the V.L.Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences(AAAA-A19-119080990059-1 and RFBR,project 19-04-00024)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30770013,31500013)the National Project on Scientific Ground work for Basic Science of the Ministry of Science and Technology(Nos.2012FY1116002014FY210400)the Coordenacao de Aperfeic¸oamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior(CAPES-Brazil)for the PhD scholarshipsCNPq for providing‘Produtividade em Pesquisa’(Proc.307922/2014-6 and Proc.307947/2017-3)grantCONACYT(Project 252934)COFAAIPN(Project SIP-20195222)the financial support provided for his researchesthe Coordenacao de Aperfeic¸oamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior(CAPES-Brazil)for the PhD scholarshipsthe following sources of funding for his A
文摘The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota.The present work provides an overview of all validly published,currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document.An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided,which includes 1928 currently used genera names,with 1263 synonyms,which are distributed in 241 families,68 orders,18 classes and four subphyla.We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification,number of accepted species,type species,life mode,habitat,distribution,and sequence information.Furthermore,three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU,SSU,5.8s,rpb1,rpb2,and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina,Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted,respectively.Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders,168 families and 605 genera.Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406-430 Mya,classes are 211-383 Mya,and orders are 99-323 Mya,which are largely consistent with previous studies.In this study,all phylogenetically supported families were dated,with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27-178 Mya,Pucciniomycotina from 85-222 Mya,and Ustilaginomycotina from 79-177 Mya.Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system,and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
文摘背景与目的在过去几十年里,世界上多数国家的胃癌死亡率大幅下降。本研究旨在评估中国胃癌死亡率的最新趋势,并分析中国农村和城市地区胃癌死亡率的差异。方法胃癌按性别、年龄组和地域划分的粗死亡率数据来源于覆盖中国10%人口的《中国卫生统计年鉴(2003–2015)》。采用2010年中国人口普查按年龄、性别和地区划分的人群,估算城乡胃癌的年龄标准化死亡率(age-standardized rates of mortality,ASRM)。采用Joinpoint分析法评估胃癌死亡率趋势。结果在13年间,农村地区的ASRM从2003年的31.5/100,000降至2015年的20.9/100,000,城市地区从2003年的18.9/100,000降至2015年的14.5/100,000。在男性中,城市地区的死亡率年度百分比变化为-2.2%[95%置信区间(CI):-3.8%–-0.6%;P<0.001],农村地区的死亡率年度百分比变化为-3.4%(95%CI:-5.1%–-1.8%;P<0.001)。在女性中,城市地区的死亡率年度百分比变化为-2.7%(95%CI:-4.2%–-1.2%;P<0.001),农村地区的死亡率年度百分比变化为-4.6%(95%CI:-5.5%–-3.7%;P<0.001)。结论2003年至2015年,我国农村和城市的胃癌死亡率均呈下降趋势。中国农村地区胃癌死亡率的下降幅度大于城市地区。
基金Supported by(in part)Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo(Progetto di Ricerca Corrente)entitled:"Studio della espressione del recettore per i prodotti finali della glicosilazione avanzata(RAGE)nelle Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali",No.08064409
文摘AIM:To evaluate the best diagnostic technique and risk factors of the human Cytomegalovirus(HCMV)and Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)infection in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).METHODS:A cohort of 40 IBD patients(17 refractory)and 40 controls underwent peripheral blood and endoscopic colonic mucosal sample harvest.Viral infection was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry,and correlations with clinical and endoscopic indexes of activity,and risk factors were investigated.RESULTS:All refractory patients carried detectable levels of HCMV and/or EBV mucosal load as comparedto 13/23(56.5%)non-refractory and 13/40(32.5%)controls.The median DNA value was significantly higher in refractory(HCMV 286 and EBV 5.440 copies/105cells)than in non-refractory(HCMV 0 and EBV 6copies/105 cells;P<0.05 and<0.001)IBD patients and controls(HCMV and EBV 0 copies/105 cells;P<0.001 for both).Refractory patients showed DNA peak values≥103 copies/105 cells in diseased mucosa in comparison to non-diseased mucosa(P<0.0121 for HCMV and<0.0004 for EBV),while non-refractory patients and controls invariably displayed levels below this threshold,thus allowing us to differentiate viral colitis from mucosal infection.Moreover,the mucosal load positively correlated with the values found in the peripheral blood,whilst no correlation with the number of positive cells at immunohistochemistry was found.Steroid use was identified as a significant risk factor for both HCMV(P=0.018)and EBV(P=0.002)colitis.Finally,a course of specific antiviral therapy with ganciclovir was successful in all refractory patients with HCMV colitis,whilst refractory patients with EBV colitis did not show any improvement despite steroid tapering and discontinuation of the other medications.CONCLUSION:Viral colitis appeared to contribute to mucosal lesions in refractory IBD,and its correct diagnosis and management require quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay of mucosal specimens.
文摘Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide with increasing prevalence in all age groups,genders,and ethnicities.Most chronic disease deaths occur in middle-to low-income countries but are also a significant health problem in developed nations.Multiple chronic diseases now affect children and adolescents as well as adults.Being physically inactive is associated with increased chronic disease risk.Global societies are being negatively impacted by the increasing prevalence of chronic disease which is directly related to rising healthcare expenditures,workforce complications regarding attendance and productivity,military personnel recruitment,and academic success.However,increased physical activity(PA)and exercise are associated with reduced chronic disease risk.Most physiologic systems in the body benefit positively from PA and exercise by primary disease prevention and secondary disease prevention/treatment.The purpose of this brief review is to describe the significant global problem of chronic diseases for adults and children,and how PA and exercise can provide a noninvasive means for added prevention and treatment.
基金This work as partially supported by the National Science Foundation under grant numbers:1940099,1905775,OIA-1655740,and SC EPSCoR GEAR Grant 19-GC02 and by DOE under grant number DE-SC0020272The authors also acknowledge funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant number 51741101+1 种基金This work is also partially supported by National Major Scientific and Technological Special Project of China under grant number 2018AAA0101803also by Guizhou Province Science&Technology Plan Talent Program under grant number[2017]5788.
文摘A major challenge in materials design is how to efficiently search the vast chemical design space to find the materials with desired properties.One effective strategy is to develop sampling algorithms that can exploit both explicit chemical knowledge and implicit composition rules embodied in the large materials database.Here,we propose a generative machine learning model(MatGAN)based on a generative adversarial network(GAN)for efficient generation of new hypothetical inorganic materials.Trained with materials from the ICSD database,our GAN model can generate hypothetical materials not existing in the training dataset,reaching a novelty of 92.53% when generating 2 million samples.The percentage of chemically valid(charge-neutral and electronegativitybalanced)samples out of all generated ones reaches 84.5% when generated by our GAN trained with such samples screened from ICSD,even though no such chemical rules are explicitly enforced in our GAN model,indicating its capability to learn implicit chemical composition rules to form compounds.Our algorithm is expected to be used to greatly expand the range of the design space for inverse design and large-scale computational screening of inorganic materials.
基金supported by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51475213&51305167)the Scientific Research Innovation Projects of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.KYLX_1022)
文摘With the combination of engine and two electric machines, the power split device allows higher efficiency of the engine. The operation modes of a power split HEV are analyzed, and the system dynamic model is established for HEV forward simulation and controller design. Considering the fact that the operation modes of the HEV are event-driven and the system dynamics is continuous time-driven for each mode, the structure of the controller is built and described with the hybrid automaton control theory. In this control structure, the mode selection process is depicted by the finite state machine （FSM）. The multi-mode switch controller is designed to realize power distribution. Furthermore, the vehicle mode operations are optimized, and the nonlinear model predictive control （NMPC） strategy is applied by implementing dynamic programming （DP） in the finite pre- diction horizon. Comparative simulation results demonstrate that the hybrid control structure is effective and feasible for HEV energy management design. The NMPC optimal strategy is superior in improving fuel economy.
基金National Science Foundation Grant NSF CMS CAREER Under Grant No.9996290NSF CMMI Under Grant No.0830391
文摘The primary objective of this paper is to develop output only modal identification and structural damage detection. Identification of multi-degree of freedom （MDOF） linear time invariant （LTI） and linear time variant （LTV--due to damage） systems based on Time-frequency （TF） techniques--such as short-time Fourier transform （STFT）, empirical mode decomposition （EMD）, and wavelets--is proposed. STFT, EMD, and wavelet methods developed to date are reviewed in detail. In addition a Hilbert transform （HT） approach to determine frequency and damping is also presented. In this paper, STFT, EMD, HT and wavelet techniques are developed for decomposition of free vibration response of MDOF systems into their modal components. Once the modal components are obtained, each one is processed using Hilbert transform to obtain the modal frequency and damping ratios. In addition, the ratio of modal components at different degrees of freedom facilitate determination of mode shape. In cases with output only modal identification using ambient/random response, the random decrement technique is used to obtain free vibration response. The advantage of TF techniques is that they arc signal based; hence, can be used for output only modal identification. A three degree of freedom 1：10 scale model test structure is used to validate the proposed output only modal identification techniques based on STFT, EMD, HT, wavelets. Both measured free vibration and forced vibration （white noise） response are considered. The secondary objective of this paper is to show the relative ease with which the TF techniques can be used for modal identification and their potential for real world applications where output only identification is essential. Recorded ambient vibration data processed using techniques such as the random decrement technique can be used to obtain the free vibration response, so that further processing using TF based modal identification can be performed.
