The Standard Model of particle physics involves twelve fundamental fermions, treated as point particles, in four charge states. However, the Standard Model does not explain why only three fermions are in each charge s...The Standard Model of particle physics involves twelve fundamental fermions, treated as point particles, in four charge states. However, the Standard Model does not explain why only three fermions are in each charge state or account for neutrino mass. This holographic analysis treats charged Standard Model fermions as spheres with mass 0.187 g/cm<sup>2</sup> times their surface area, using the proportionality constant in the holographic relation between mass of the observable universe and event horizon radius. The analysis requires three Standard Model fermions per charge state and relates up quark and down quark masses to electron mass. Holographic analysis specifies electron mass, to six significant figures, in terms of fundamental constants α,ℏ,G,Λ and Ω Λ . Treating neutrinos as spheres and equating electron neutrino energy density with cosmic vacuum energy density predicts neutrino masses consistent with experiment.展开更多
Nitazoxanide,the first thiazolide,was originally developed for the treatment of Cryptosporidium parvum.More recently,antiviral activity of nitazoxanide against hepatitis B virus(HBV)and hepatitis C virus was recognize...Nitazoxanide,the first thiazolide,was originally developed for the treatment of Cryptosporidium parvum.More recently,antiviral activity of nitazoxanide against hepatitis B virus(HBV)and hepatitis C virus was recognized in in vitro systems.These basic studies led to phaseⅡclinical trials that demonstrated the safety and efficacy of nitazoxanide in combination with peginterferon,with or without ribavirin,in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 4.The sustained virologic response rate was 79%and 80%in two studies,which was higher than the response rate of 50%with the standard of care with peginterferon plus ribavirin.In very preliminary studies of patients with chronic hepatitis B,nitazoxanide suppressed serum HBV DNA and led to loss of hepatitis B e antigen in the majority of patients and hepatitis B surface antigen in approximately a quarter of patients.Randomized controlled studies of naive and nonresponder patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 are underway,new second generation and controlled release thiazolides are being developed,and future studies of patients with chronic hepatitis B are planned.展开更多
This paper predicts the average luminous mass of galaxies that will be detected by JWST space telescope at redshift z ≈ 10 - 20. The prediction, derived in the paper, is based on holographic analysis, developed from ...This paper predicts the average luminous mass of galaxies that will be detected by JWST space telescope at redshift z ≈ 10 - 20. The prediction, derived in the paper, is based on holographic analysis, developed from quantum mechanics, general relativity, thermodynamics, and Shannon information theory. Consistent with early JWST data, ~10<sup>9</sup> solar masses is the predicted average luminous mass of early galaxies at z ≈ 10 - 20 that will be detected by JWST.展开更多
The Standard Model of particle physics does not account for charged fermion mass values and neutrino mass, or explain why only three particles are in each charge state 0, -e/3, 2e/3, and -e. These issues are addressed...The Standard Model of particle physics does not account for charged fermion mass values and neutrino mass, or explain why only three particles are in each charge state 0, -e/3, 2e/3, and -e. These issues are addressed by treating Standard Model particles with mass m as spheres with diameter equal to their Compton wavelength l =ħ/mc, where ħis Planck’s constant and c the speed of light, and any charge in diametrically opposed pairs ±ne/6 with n = 1, 2, or 3 at the axis of rotation on the sphere surface. Particles are ground state solutions of quantized Friedmann equations from general relativity, with differing internal gravitational constants. Energy distribution within particles identifies Standard Model particles with spheres containing central black holes with mass m, and particle spin resulting from black hole angular momentum. In each charge state, energy distribution within particles satisfies a cubic equation in l, allowing only three particles in the charge state and requiring neutrino mass. Cosmic vacuum energy density is a lower limit on energy density of systems in the universe, and setting electron neutrino average energy density equal to cosmic vacuum energy density predicts neutrino masses consistent with experiment. Relations between charged fermion wavelength solutions to cubic equations in different charge states determine charged fermion masses relative to electron mass as a consequence of charge neutrality of the universe. An appendix shows assigning charge ±e/6 to bits of information on the event horizon available for holographic description of physics in the observable universe accounts for dominance of matter over anti-matter. The analysis explains why only three Standard Models are in each charge state and predicts neutrino masses based on cosmic vacuum energy density as a lower bound on neutrino energy density.展开更多
This explanation of the origin of the universe, dark energy, and dark matter is based on quantum mechanics, general relativity, thermodynamics, and Shannon information theory. It envisions our universe beginning with ...This explanation of the origin of the universe, dark energy, and dark matter is based on quantum mechanics, general relativity, thermodynamics, and Shannon information theory. It envisions our universe beginning with a quantum fluctuation from nothing into an unstable closed space with our familiar three space dimensions accompanied by seven extra space dimensions, the four basic forces unified, and initial radius of the order of the proton wavelength. The compact extra dimensions collapsed to their ground state with radius of the order of today’s Planck length, injecting most of the entropy (information) in the extra dimensions into our three space dimensions and inflating them by a factor of about e58≈1025. The constant ground state energy of the compact extra dimensions is related to the dark energy (vacuum energy) driving today’s accelerating expansion of our three-dimensional universe. With the usual values of G, , c, and Hubble constant? h0=0.65, the dark energy fraction is ≈0.7. Immediately after inflation, the strong force acting only on matter was an effective “strong gravity” (about 1038 times stronger than gravity today) causing 83% of matter to coalesce into small impenetrable closed systems interacting only by gravity and constituting most of the dark matter. Other universes may have formed similarly in the infinite sweep of cosmic time, but are of no practical significance because they are profoundly elsewhere. The holographic principle (a consequence of quantum mechanics, general relativity, thermodynamics, and Shannon information theory) indicates only a finite number (about 10122) of bits of information encoded on the event horizon will ever be available to describe all physics within our universe. There are no sources or sinks of information outside the universe, so the universe must be described as a closed system. Matter dominance over anti-matter relates to the finite number of bits of information in the universe, as does the fact that theories involving continuum mathemat展开更多
Electron mass has been considered a fundamental constant of nature that cannot be calculated from other constants such as Planck’s constant ħ and gravitational constant G. In contrast, holographic ana...Electron mass has been considered a fundamental constant of nature that cannot be calculated from other constants such as Planck’s constant ħ and gravitational constant G. In contrast, holographic analysis takes account of the finite amount of information available to describe the universe and specifies electron mass to six significant figures in terms of five fundamental constants: fine structure constant α, ħ, G, cosmological constant Λ, and vacuum fraction Ω<sub>Λ</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub> of critical density. A holographic analysis accounts for charge conservation, mass quantization, and baryon/antibaryon ratio. A holographic analysis relates electromagnetism and gravitation, specifies electron Compton wavelength in terms of Planck length and cosmological event horizon radius, and has implications for charged Standard Model fermion masses, minimum stellar mass at redshift z, and use of continuum mathematics in a discontinuous universe.展开更多
Explaining baryon asymmetry (<em>i.e.</em>, matter dominance) in the universe has been a vexing problem in physics. This analysis, based on the holographic principle, identifies fractional electric charge ...Explaining baryon asymmetry (<em>i.e.</em>, matter dominance) in the universe has been a vexing problem in physics. This analysis, based on the holographic principle, identifies fractional electric charge with the state of bits of information on the event horizon. Thermodynamics on the event horizon at the time of baryogenesis then estimates observed baryon asymmetry.展开更多
In a closed vacuum-dominated universe, the holographic principle implies that only a finite amount of information will ever be available to describe the distribution of matter in the sea of cosmic microwave background...In a closed vacuum-dominated universe, the holographic principle implies that only a finite amount of information will ever be available to describe the distribution of matter in the sea of cosmic microwave background radiation. When z = 6 to z = 8, if information describing the distribution of matter in large scale structures is uniformly distributed in structures ranging in mass from that of the largest stars to the Jeans’ mass, a holographic model for large scale structure in a closed universe can account for massive galaxies and central black holes observed at z = 6 to z = 8. In sharp contrast, the usual approach assuming only collapse of primordial overdensities into large scale structures has difficulty producing massive galaxies and central black holes at z = 6 to z = 8.展开更多
Existing particle physics models do not account for dark matter and neutrino mass, or explain the three generations of fundamental fermions. This analysis uses simple mathematics, related to general relativity, to add...Existing particle physics models do not account for dark matter and neutrino mass, or explain the three generations of fundamental fermions. This analysis uses simple mathematics, related to general relativity, to address these problems. The paper does <em>not</em> address the very difficult problem of quantizing general relativity.展开更多
The particle physics Standard Model involves three charge 0 neutrinos, three charge e leptons, three charge (2/3)<em>e</em> quarks, and three charge <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&m...The particle physics Standard Model involves three charge 0 neutrinos, three charge e leptons, three charge (2/3)<em>e</em> quarks, and three charge <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span>(1/3)<em>e</em> quarks, where <em>e</em> is electron charge. However, the Standard Model cannot explain why there are three generations of particles in each charge state and makes no predictions relating to quark and lepton masses. This analysis, treating Standard Model particles as spheres with radii 1/4 the particle Compton wavelength, explains three, and only three fermions are in each charge state and relates first generation quark masses to the electron mass.展开更多
Many physicists believe dark matter accounts for flat velocity curves in spiral galaxies and find further evidence for dark matter in observations of the colliding “bullet cluster” galaxies 1E0657-56. Others claim a...Many physicists believe dark matter accounts for flat velocity curves in spiral galaxies and find further evidence for dark matter in observations of the colliding “bullet cluster” galaxies 1E0657-56. Others claim a modified law of gravity called MOND (MOdified Newtonian Dynamics) explains galactic velocity curves better than dark matter. Merritt recently argued for MOND (arXiv:1703.02389) by claiming dark matter models cannot account for the MOND acceleration threshold a0≈1.2x10-8cm/sec2 and the (Vobserved/VNewtonian) relation. However, this note shows that the HLSS model involving dark matter accounts for both the MOND acceleration and the (Vobserved/VNewtonian) relation. After this paper was accepted for publication, I learned that Man Ho Chan previously reached the same conclusion (arXiv:1310.6801) using a dark matter based analysis independent of the holographic approach used in this paper.展开更多
The Standard Model of particle physics requires nine lepton and quark masses as inputs, but does not incorporate neutrino masses required by neutrino oscillation observations. This analysis addresses these problems, e...The Standard Model of particle physics requires nine lepton and quark masses as inputs, but does not incorporate neutrino masses required by neutrino oscillation observations. This analysis addresses these problems, explaining Standard Model particle masses by describing fundamental particles as solutions of Einstein’s equations, with radii 1/4 their Compton wavelength and half of any charge on rotating particles located on the surface at each end of the axis of rotation. The analysis relates quark and lepton masses to electron charge and mass, and identifies neutrino masses consistent with neutrino oscillation observations.展开更多
A holographic analysis of large scale structure in the universe provides an upper bound on the mass of supermassive black holes at the center of large scale structures with matter density varying as as a function of d...A holographic analysis of large scale structure in the universe provides an upper bound on the mass of supermassive black holes at the center of large scale structures with matter density varying as as a function of distance r from their center. The upper bound is consistent with two important test cases involving observations of the supermassive black hole with mass times the galactic mass in Sagittarius A* near the center of our Milky Way and the 2 × 109 solar mass black hole in the quasar ULAS J112001.48 + 064124.3 at redshift z = 7.085. It is also consistent with upper bounds on central black hole masses in globular clusters M15, M19 and M22 developed using the Jansky Very Large Array in New Mexico.展开更多
Galactic structure, involving bulk motion of matter conserving mass and angular momentum, is analyzed in a holographic large scale structure model. In isolated galaxies, baryonic matter inhabits dark matter halos with...Galactic structure, involving bulk motion of matter conserving mass and angular momentum, is analyzed in a holographic large scale structure model. In isolated galaxies, baryonic matter inhabits dark matter halos with holographic radii determined by total galactic mass. The existence of bulgeless giant spiral galaxies challenges previous models of galaxy formation. In sharp contrast, holographic analysis is consistent with the finding that 15% of a sample of 15,000 edge-on disk galaxies in the sixth SDSS data release are bulgeless. Holographic analysis also indicates that E7 ellipticals are less than 2% of elliptical galaxies.展开更多
The reason for baryon asymmetry in our universe has been an open question for many years. This note shows that the holographic principle requires a charged preon model underlying the Standard Model of particle physics...The reason for baryon asymmetry in our universe has been an open question for many years. This note shows that the holographic principle requires a charged preon model underlying the Standard Model of particle physics and, in consequence, requires baryon asymmetry. The baryon asymmetry predicted by a specific charged preon model in our closed inflationary Friedmann universe is consistent with observations.展开更多
文摘The Standard Model of particle physics involves twelve fundamental fermions, treated as point particles, in four charge states. However, the Standard Model does not explain why only three fermions are in each charge state or account for neutrino mass. This holographic analysis treats charged Standard Model fermions as spheres with mass 0.187 g/cm<sup>2</sup> times their surface area, using the proportionality constant in the holographic relation between mass of the observable universe and event horizon radius. The analysis requires three Standard Model fermions per charge state and relates up quark and down quark masses to electron mass. Holographic analysis specifies electron mass, to six significant figures, in terms of fundamental constants α,ℏ,G,Λ and Ω Λ . Treating neutrinos as spheres and equating electron neutrino energy density with cosmic vacuum energy density predicts neutrino masses consistent with experiment.
文摘Nitazoxanide,the first thiazolide,was originally developed for the treatment of Cryptosporidium parvum.More recently,antiviral activity of nitazoxanide against hepatitis B virus(HBV)and hepatitis C virus was recognized in in vitro systems.These basic studies led to phaseⅡclinical trials that demonstrated the safety and efficacy of nitazoxanide in combination with peginterferon,with or without ribavirin,in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 4.The sustained virologic response rate was 79%and 80%in two studies,which was higher than the response rate of 50%with the standard of care with peginterferon plus ribavirin.In very preliminary studies of patients with chronic hepatitis B,nitazoxanide suppressed serum HBV DNA and led to loss of hepatitis B e antigen in the majority of patients and hepatitis B surface antigen in approximately a quarter of patients.Randomized controlled studies of naive and nonresponder patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 are underway,new second generation and controlled release thiazolides are being developed,and future studies of patients with chronic hepatitis B are planned.
文摘This paper predicts the average luminous mass of galaxies that will be detected by JWST space telescope at redshift z ≈ 10 - 20. The prediction, derived in the paper, is based on holographic analysis, developed from quantum mechanics, general relativity, thermodynamics, and Shannon information theory. Consistent with early JWST data, ~10<sup>9</sup> solar masses is the predicted average luminous mass of early galaxies at z ≈ 10 - 20 that will be detected by JWST.
文摘The Standard Model of particle physics does not account for charged fermion mass values and neutrino mass, or explain why only three particles are in each charge state 0, -e/3, 2e/3, and -e. These issues are addressed by treating Standard Model particles with mass m as spheres with diameter equal to their Compton wavelength l =ħ/mc, where ħis Planck’s constant and c the speed of light, and any charge in diametrically opposed pairs ±ne/6 with n = 1, 2, or 3 at the axis of rotation on the sphere surface. Particles are ground state solutions of quantized Friedmann equations from general relativity, with differing internal gravitational constants. Energy distribution within particles identifies Standard Model particles with spheres containing central black holes with mass m, and particle spin resulting from black hole angular momentum. In each charge state, energy distribution within particles satisfies a cubic equation in l, allowing only three particles in the charge state and requiring neutrino mass. Cosmic vacuum energy density is a lower limit on energy density of systems in the universe, and setting electron neutrino average energy density equal to cosmic vacuum energy density predicts neutrino masses consistent with experiment. Relations between charged fermion wavelength solutions to cubic equations in different charge states determine charged fermion masses relative to electron mass as a consequence of charge neutrality of the universe. An appendix shows assigning charge ±e/6 to bits of information on the event horizon available for holographic description of physics in the observable universe accounts for dominance of matter over anti-matter. The analysis explains why only three Standard Models are in each charge state and predicts neutrino masses based on cosmic vacuum energy density as a lower bound on neutrino energy density.
文摘This explanation of the origin of the universe, dark energy, and dark matter is based on quantum mechanics, general relativity, thermodynamics, and Shannon information theory. It envisions our universe beginning with a quantum fluctuation from nothing into an unstable closed space with our familiar three space dimensions accompanied by seven extra space dimensions, the four basic forces unified, and initial radius of the order of the proton wavelength. The compact extra dimensions collapsed to their ground state with radius of the order of today’s Planck length, injecting most of the entropy (information) in the extra dimensions into our three space dimensions and inflating them by a factor of about e58≈1025. The constant ground state energy of the compact extra dimensions is related to the dark energy (vacuum energy) driving today’s accelerating expansion of our three-dimensional universe. With the usual values of G, , c, and Hubble constant? h0=0.65, the dark energy fraction is ≈0.7. Immediately after inflation, the strong force acting only on matter was an effective “strong gravity” (about 1038 times stronger than gravity today) causing 83% of matter to coalesce into small impenetrable closed systems interacting only by gravity and constituting most of the dark matter. Other universes may have formed similarly in the infinite sweep of cosmic time, but are of no practical significance because they are profoundly elsewhere. The holographic principle (a consequence of quantum mechanics, general relativity, thermodynamics, and Shannon information theory) indicates only a finite number (about 10122) of bits of information encoded on the event horizon will ever be available to describe all physics within our universe. There are no sources or sinks of information outside the universe, so the universe must be described as a closed system. Matter dominance over anti-matter relates to the finite number of bits of information in the universe, as does the fact that theories involving continuum mathemat
文摘Electron mass has been considered a fundamental constant of nature that cannot be calculated from other constants such as Planck’s constant ħ and gravitational constant G. In contrast, holographic analysis takes account of the finite amount of information available to describe the universe and specifies electron mass to six significant figures in terms of five fundamental constants: fine structure constant α, ħ, G, cosmological constant Λ, and vacuum fraction Ω<sub>Λ</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub> of critical density. A holographic analysis accounts for charge conservation, mass quantization, and baryon/antibaryon ratio. A holographic analysis relates electromagnetism and gravitation, specifies electron Compton wavelength in terms of Planck length and cosmological event horizon radius, and has implications for charged Standard Model fermion masses, minimum stellar mass at redshift z, and use of continuum mathematics in a discontinuous universe.
文摘Explaining baryon asymmetry (<em>i.e.</em>, matter dominance) in the universe has been a vexing problem in physics. This analysis, based on the holographic principle, identifies fractional electric charge with the state of bits of information on the event horizon. Thermodynamics on the event horizon at the time of baryogenesis then estimates observed baryon asymmetry.
文摘In a closed vacuum-dominated universe, the holographic principle implies that only a finite amount of information will ever be available to describe the distribution of matter in the sea of cosmic microwave background radiation. When z = 6 to z = 8, if information describing the distribution of matter in large scale structures is uniformly distributed in structures ranging in mass from that of the largest stars to the Jeans’ mass, a holographic model for large scale structure in a closed universe can account for massive galaxies and central black holes observed at z = 6 to z = 8. In sharp contrast, the usual approach assuming only collapse of primordial overdensities into large scale structures has difficulty producing massive galaxies and central black holes at z = 6 to z = 8.
文摘Existing particle physics models do not account for dark matter and neutrino mass, or explain the three generations of fundamental fermions. This analysis uses simple mathematics, related to general relativity, to address these problems. The paper does <em>not</em> address the very difficult problem of quantizing general relativity.
文摘The particle physics Standard Model involves three charge 0 neutrinos, three charge e leptons, three charge (2/3)<em>e</em> quarks, and three charge <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span>(1/3)<em>e</em> quarks, where <em>e</em> is electron charge. However, the Standard Model cannot explain why there are three generations of particles in each charge state and makes no predictions relating to quark and lepton masses. This analysis, treating Standard Model particles as spheres with radii 1/4 the particle Compton wavelength, explains three, and only three fermions are in each charge state and relates first generation quark masses to the electron mass.
文摘Many physicists believe dark matter accounts for flat velocity curves in spiral galaxies and find further evidence for dark matter in observations of the colliding “bullet cluster” galaxies 1E0657-56. Others claim a modified law of gravity called MOND (MOdified Newtonian Dynamics) explains galactic velocity curves better than dark matter. Merritt recently argued for MOND (arXiv:1703.02389) by claiming dark matter models cannot account for the MOND acceleration threshold a0≈1.2x10-8cm/sec2 and the (Vobserved/VNewtonian) relation. However, this note shows that the HLSS model involving dark matter accounts for both the MOND acceleration and the (Vobserved/VNewtonian) relation. After this paper was accepted for publication, I learned that Man Ho Chan previously reached the same conclusion (arXiv:1310.6801) using a dark matter based analysis independent of the holographic approach used in this paper.
文摘The Standard Model of particle physics requires nine lepton and quark masses as inputs, but does not incorporate neutrino masses required by neutrino oscillation observations. This analysis addresses these problems, explaining Standard Model particle masses by describing fundamental particles as solutions of Einstein’s equations, with radii 1/4 their Compton wavelength and half of any charge on rotating particles located on the surface at each end of the axis of rotation. The analysis relates quark and lepton masses to electron charge and mass, and identifies neutrino masses consistent with neutrino oscillation observations.
文摘A holographic analysis of large scale structure in the universe provides an upper bound on the mass of supermassive black holes at the center of large scale structures with matter density varying as as a function of distance r from their center. The upper bound is consistent with two important test cases involving observations of the supermassive black hole with mass times the galactic mass in Sagittarius A* near the center of our Milky Way and the 2 × 109 solar mass black hole in the quasar ULAS J112001.48 + 064124.3 at redshift z = 7.085. It is also consistent with upper bounds on central black hole masses in globular clusters M15, M19 and M22 developed using the Jansky Very Large Array in New Mexico.
文摘Galactic structure, involving bulk motion of matter conserving mass and angular momentum, is analyzed in a holographic large scale structure model. In isolated galaxies, baryonic matter inhabits dark matter halos with holographic radii determined by total galactic mass. The existence of bulgeless giant spiral galaxies challenges previous models of galaxy formation. In sharp contrast, holographic analysis is consistent with the finding that 15% of a sample of 15,000 edge-on disk galaxies in the sixth SDSS data release are bulgeless. Holographic analysis also indicates that E7 ellipticals are less than 2% of elliptical galaxies.
文摘The reason for baryon asymmetry in our universe has been an open question for many years. This note shows that the holographic principle requires a charged preon model underlying the Standard Model of particle physics and, in consequence, requires baryon asymmetry. The baryon asymmetry predicted by a specific charged preon model in our closed inflationary Friedmann universe is consistent with observations.
