AIM:To use microarray-based miRNA profiling of colonic mucosal biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and controls in order to identify new potential miRNA biomarkers in inflamm...AIM:To use microarray-based miRNA profiling of colonic mucosal biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and controls in order to identify new potential miRNA biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS:Colonic mucosal pinch biopsies from the descending part were obtained endoscopically from patients with active UC or CD, quiescent UC or CD, as well as healthy controls. Total RNA was isolated and miRNA expression assessed using the miRNA microarray Geniom Biochip miRNA Homo sapiens (Febit GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). Data analysis was carried out by principal component analysis and projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis using the SIMCA-P+12 software package (Umetrics, Umea, Sweden). The microarray data were subsequently validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) performed on colonic tissue samples from active UC patients (n = 20), patients with quiescent UC (n = 19), and healthy controls (n = 20). The qPCR results were analyzed with Mann-WhitneyU test.In silico prediction analysis were performed to identify potential miRNA target genes and the predicted miRNA targets were then compared with all UC associated susceptibility genes reported in the literature. RESULTS:The colonic mucosal miRNA transcriptome differs significantly between UC and controls, UC and CD, as well as between UC patients with mucosal inflammation and those without. However, no clear differences in the transcriptome of patients with CD and controls were found. The miRNAs with the strongest differential power were identified (miR-20b, miR-99a, miR-203, miR-26b, and miR-98) and found to be upregulated more than a 10-fold in active UC as compared to quiescent UC, CD, and controls. Two miRNAs, miR-125b-1* and let-7e*, were up-regulated more than 5-fold in quiescent UC compared to active UC, CD, and controls. Four of the seven miRNAs (miR-20b, miR-98, miR-125b-1*, and let-7e*) were validated by qPCR and found to be specifically upregulated in patients with UC. Usingin sili展开更多
This review gives first a brief view of the potential availability of sustainable energy.It is clear that over 100 times more solar photovoltaic energy than necessary is readily accessible and that practically availab...This review gives first a brief view of the potential availability of sustainable energy.It is clear that over 100 times more solar photovoltaic energy than necessary is readily accessible and that practically available wind alone may deliver sufficient energy supply to the world.Due to the intermittency of these sources,effective and inexpensive energy-conversion and storage technology is needed.Motivation for the possible electrolysis application of reversible solid-oxide cells(RSOCs),including a comparison of power-to-fuel/fuel-to-power to other energy-conversion and storage technologies is presented.RSOC electrochemistry and chemistry of H_(2)O,CO_(2),H_(2),CO,CnHm(hydrocarbons)and NH3,including thermodynamics and cell performance,are described.The mechanical strength of popular cell supports is outlined,and newly found stronger materials are mentioned.Common cell-degradation mechanisms,including the effect of common impurities in gases and materials(such as S and Si),plus the deleterious effects of carbon deposition in the fuel electrode are described followed by explanations of how to avoid or ease the consequences.Visions of how RSOCs powered by sustainable energy may be applied on a large scale for the transportation sector via power-to-fuel technology and for integration with the electrical grid together with seasonal storage are presented.Finally,a brief comparison of RSOCs to other electrolysis cells and an outlook with examples of actions necessary to commercialize RSOC applications are sketched.展开更多
Poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)are important environmental contaminants globally and in the early 2000s they were shown to be ubiquitous contaminants in Arctic wildlife.Previous reviews by Butt et al.and Let...Poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)are important environmental contaminants globally and in the early 2000s they were shown to be ubiquitous contaminants in Arctic wildlife.Previous reviews by Butt et al.and Letcher et al.have covered studies on levels and trends of PFASs in the Arctic that were available to 2009.The purpose of this review is to focus on more recent work,generally published between 2009 and 2018,with emphasis on PFASs of emerging concern such as perfluoroalkyl carboxylates(PFCAs)and short-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonates(PFSAs)and their precursors.Atmospheric measurements over the period 2006e2014 have shown that fluorotelomer alcohols(FTOHs)as well as perfluorobutanoic acid(PFBA)and perfluoroctanoic acid(PFOA)are the most prominent PFASs in the arctic atmosphere,all with increasing concentrations at Alert although PFOA concentrations declined at the Zeppelin Station(Svalbard).Results from ice cores show generally increasing deposition of PFCAs on the Devon Ice cap in the Canadian arctic while declining fluxes were found in a glacier on Svalbard.An extensive dataset exists for long-term trends of long-chain PFCAs that have been reported in Arctic biota with some datasets including archived samples from the 1970s and 1980s.Trends in PFCAs over time vary among the same species across the North American Arctic,East and West Greenland,and Svalbard.Most long term time series show a decline from higher concentrations in the early 2000s.However there have been recent(post 2010)increasing trends of PFCAs in ringed seals in the Canadian Arctic,East Greenland polar bears and in arctic foxes in Svalbard.Annual biological sampling is helping to determine these relatively short term changes.Rising levels of some PFCAs have been explained by continued emissions of long-chain PFCAs and/or their precursors and inflows to the Arctic Ocean,especially from the North Atlantic.While the effectiveness of biological sampling for temporal trends in long-chain PFCAs and PFSAs has been demonstrated,this does not appl展开更多
Bioaccumulative and biomagnifying contaminants, such as persistent organic pollutants （POPs） and mercury （Hg）, have for decades been recognized as a health concern in arctic marine biota. In recent years, global c...Bioaccumulative and biomagnifying contaminants, such as persistent organic pollutants （POPs） and mercury （Hg）, have for decades been recognized as a health concern in arctic marine biota. In recent years, global climate change （GCC） and related loss of arctic sea ice have been observed to be driving substantial change in arctic ecosystems. This review summarizes findings documenting empirical links between GCC-induced ecological changes and alterations in POP and Hg exposures and pathways in arctic marine ecosystems. Most of the studies have reported changes in POP or Hg concentrations in tissue in relation to GCC-induced changes in species trophic interactions. These studies have typically focused on the role of changes in abun- dance, habitat range or accessibility of prey species, particularly in relation to sea ice changes. Yet, the ecological change that re- suited in contaminant trend changes has often been unclear or assumed. Other studies have successfully used chemical tracers, such as stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios and fatty acid signatures to link such ecological changes to contaminant level variations or trends. Lower sea ice linked-diet changes/variation were associated with higher contaminant levels in some popula- tions of polar bears, ringed seals, and thick-billed murres, but the influence of changing trophic interactions on POP levels and trends varied widely in both magnitude and direction. We suggest that future research in this new area of GCC-linked ecotox- icology should focus on routine analysis of ancillary ecological metrics with POP and Hg studies, simultaneous consideration of the multiple mechanisms by which GCC and contaminant interactions can occur, and targeted research on changing exposures and toxicological effects in species known to be sensitive to both GCC and contaminants [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 617-628, 2015].展开更多
Background:Families with an infant in need of intensive care most often experience a harmful separation after birth.This is due to a division of medical specialties into neonatal care and maternal care.Therefore,a cou...Background:Families with an infant in need of intensive care most often experience a harmful separation after birth.This is due to a division of medical specialties into neonatal care and maternal care.Therefore,a couplet care intervention is implemented for mother-infant dyads in a neonatal intensive care unit.This study protocol provides a comprehensive evaluation of the intervention.The aim is to evaluate the effect and implementation of a complex couplet care intervention to promote zero separation between mother and infant.Methods:The couplet care intervention is a family-centered model of care,where treatment-requiring mother-infant dyads will be admitted together and receive couplet care by neonatal nurses.The study adheres to the framework of the Medical Research Council and will use a mixed methods embedded design comprising a quasi-experimental trial and a qualitative process evaluation.Finally,a health economic evaluation will be conducted to assess the cost-effectiveness of this complex couplet care intervention.Discussion:Separation of mother-infant dyads after birth has an adverse impact on family health and well-being.This study protocol evaluates a complex couplet care intervention.With this study,a first step is taken to help bridge the gap between current practices and a new care model to prevent the separation of mothers and their infants.展开更多
Aims Recent studies revealed convergent temperature sensitivity of ecosys-tem respiration(Re)within aquatic ecosystems and between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.We do not know yet whether various terres-trial eco...Aims Recent studies revealed convergent temperature sensitivity of ecosys-tem respiration(Re)within aquatic ecosystems and between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.We do not know yet whether various terres-trial ecosystems have consistent or divergent temperature sensitivity.Here,we synthesized 163 eddy covariance flux sites across the world and examined the global variation of the apparent activation energy(Ea),which characterizes the apparent temperature sensitivity of and its interannual variability(IAV)as well as their controlling factors.Methods We used carbon fluxes and meteorological data across FLUXNET sites to calculate mean annual temperature,tempera-ture range,precipitation,global radiation,potential radiation,gross primary productivity and Re by averaging the daily values over the years in each site.Furthermore,we analyzed the sites with>8 years data to examine the IAV of Ea and calculated the standard deviation of Ea across years at each site to character-ize IAV.Important Findings The results showed a widely global variation of Ea,with significantly lower values in the tropical and subtropical areas than in temperate and boreal areas,and significantly higher values in grasslands and wetlands than that in deciduous broadleaf forests and evergreen for-ests.Globally,spatial variations of Ea were explained by changes in temperature and an index of water availability with differing contribution of each explaining variable among climate zones and biomes.IAV and the corresponding coefficient of variation of Ea decreased with increasing latitude,but increased with radiation and corresponding mean annual temperature.The revealed patterns in the spatial and temporal variations of Ea and its controlling factors indicate divergent temperature sensitivity of Re,which could help to improve our predictive understanding of Re in response to climate change.展开更多
The evolution of the microstructure and texture in copper has been studied during repetitive extrusionupsetting（REU） to a total von Mises strain of 4.7 and during subsequent annealing at different temperatures. It i...The evolution of the microstructure and texture in copper has been studied during repetitive extrusionupsetting（REU） to a total von Mises strain of 4.7 and during subsequent annealing at different temperatures. It is found that the texture is significantly altered by each deformation pass. A duplex 001 ＋ 111 fiber texture with an increased 111 component is observed after each extrusion pass,whereas the 110 fiber component dominates the texture after each upsetting pass. During REU, the microstructure is refined by deformation-induced boundaries. The average cell size after a total strain of 4.7 is measured to be ~0.3 μm. This refined microstructure is unstable at room temperature as is evident from the presence of a small number of recrystallized grains in the deformed matrix. Pronounced recrystallization took place during annealing at 200？C for 1 h with recrystallized grains developing predominantly in high misorientation regions. At 350？C the microstructure is fully recrystallized with an average grain size of only 2.3 μm and a very weak crystallographic texture. This REU-processed and subsequently annealed material is considered to be potentially suitable for using as a material for sputtering targets.展开更多
To obtain a good combination of strength and ductility, a laminated composite structure composed of recovered hard lamellae and soft recrystallized lamellae has been produced in a single phase austenitic Fe-34.5 Mn-0....To obtain a good combination of strength and ductility, a laminated composite structure composed of recovered hard lamellae and soft recrystallized lamellae has been produced in a single phase austenitic Fe-34.5 Mn-0.04C steel by cold rolling and partial recrystallization. Enhanced mechanical properties in both strength and ductility have been obtained in the composite structure compared to a fully recrystallized coarse grain structure. A further increase in strength with only minor loss in total elongation has been achieved by a slight cold rolling of the composite structure, which also removes the small yield drop and Luders elongation observed in the composite structure.展开更多
Since the ban of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)and hexabromocyclododecane(HBCDD),other flame retardants may be increasingly used.Thirty-one current-use halogenated(HFRs)and 24 organophosphorous flame retardants...Since the ban of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)and hexabromocyclododecane(HBCDD),other flame retardants may be increasingly used.Thirty-one current-use halogenated(HFRs)and 24 organophosphorous flame retardants(PFRs)have been sought in Arctic ecosystems so far.Air measurements provide evidence of long-range atmospheric transport for the majority of these compounds,with much higher concentrations for PFRs than for HFRs.Some HFRs,i.e.bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate(BEH-TEBP),2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate(EH-TBB)and hexabromobenzene(HBBz),had air concentrations comparable to those of PBDEs in some studies.Complementary data for seawater and ice indicate dry deposition of HFRs,while net volatilization from seawater was observed for some PFRs.Studies in the marine environment indicate a wide presence of HFRs in marine biota,but generally at low levels,i.e.typically lower than those of PBDEs.Exceptions exist,namely 2,4,6-tribromophenyl 2,3-dibromopropyl ether(TBP-DBPE)and decabromodiphenyl ethane(DBDPE),which were found in concentrations comparable to PBDEs in some species.The same was the case for 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allyl ether(TBP-AE)in a study from the terrestrial environment.PFRs generally had low concentrations in biota,probably due to metabolic transformation of PFR triesters,as suggested by in vitro studies.Elevated PFR concentrations occurred in some individuals,generally indicating a larger variability of PFRs in biota than found for HFRs.The commercially important tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA)was only detected sporadically,and only in abiotic matrices.展开更多
The 19th Asian Games astounded global audiences with an opening spectacle that showcased stunning digital fireworks(International Olympic Committee,2021;Zhe,2023).The groundbreaking display was brought to life through...The 19th Asian Games astounded global audiences with an opening spectacle that showcased stunning digital fireworks(International Olympic Committee,2021;Zhe,2023).The groundbreaking display was brought to life through virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)technologies.It sets a pioneering example to replace conventional fireworks in major international events as well as in other large-scale entertainment activities,marking a historic milestone in the pursuit of a sustainable and healthy future.展开更多
This article presents the initiation and implementation of a systematic scientific and political cooperation in the Arctic related to environmental pollution and climate change,with a special focus on the role of the ...This article presents the initiation and implementation of a systematic scientific and political cooperation in the Arctic related to environmental pollution and climate change,with a special focus on the role of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP).The AMAP initiative has coordinated monitoring and assessments of environmental pollution across countries and parameters for the entire Arctic region.Starting from a first scientific assessment in 1998,AMAP's work has been fundamental in recognizing,understanding and addressing environmental and human health issues in the Arctic,including those of persistent organic pollutants(POPs),mercury,radioactivity,oil,acidification and climate change.These scientific results have contributed at local and international levels to define and take measures towards reducing the pollution not only in the Arctic,but of the whole globe,especially the contaminant exposure of indigenous and local communities with a traditional lifestyle.The results related to climate change have documented the rapid changes in the Arctic and the strong feedback between the Arctic and the rest of the world.The lessons learned from the work in the Arctic can be beneficial for other regions where contaminants may accumulate and affect local and indigenous peoples living in a traditional way,e.g.in the Himalayas.Global cooperation is indispensable in reducing the longrange transported pollution in the Arctic.展开更多
Microstructural evolution of a refractory tantalum-tungsten alloy(Ta-4%W)after cold rolling from small to large von-Mises strains(0.12-2.7)was quantitatively studied using transmission electron microscopy.Grain subdiv...Microstructural evolution of a refractory tantalum-tungsten alloy(Ta-4%W)after cold rolling from small to large von-Mises strains(0.12-2.7)was quantitatively studied using transmission electron microscopy.Grain subdivision was observed to take place at two levels.Geometrically necessary boundaries nearly paralleling to slip planes enclosed volumes further divided by diffuse cells and by remnants of Taylor lattices.With increasing strain,the diffuse cells evolved into clear incidental dislocation boundaries enclosing cells,while the Taylor lattices disappeared.Grain subdivision was thus intermediate between those observed in cell forming and in non-cell forming alloys.Meanwhile,the average misorientation angle across all boundaries increased while the average boundary spacing decreased.Distributions of the microstructural parameters at each strain level were found to exhibit universal scaling laws.The microstructural evolution was found closely linking to the observed high strength and strain hardening of this alloy.Based on measured microstructural parameters,the flow stress was calculated utilizing linearly addition of the strengthening by solutes,incidental dislocation boundaries(Taylor strengthening)and geometrically necessary boundaries(Hall-Petch equation).The relative contribution of each strength mechanism evolved with increasing strain and with microstructural evolution:solutes and friction stress dominated at small strains while boundaries dominated at larger strains.Calculated strengths were in close agreement with experimental tension tests and demonstrated an unexpectedly high and continuous parabolic hardening without transition across this large strain range.展开更多
Humans have relied on biomass for survival and development since the Stone Age. All aspects of human needs for materials are covered by tools, fuel, and buildings. Nowadays, metals and petroleum-based materials are wi...Humans have relied on biomass for survival and development since the Stone Age. All aspects of human needs for materials are covered by tools, fuel, and buildings. Nowadays, metals and petroleum-based materials are widely used in highly developed industries. Unfortunately, environmental contamination and the loss of natural resources have led to the reemergence of biomass resources as efficient and sustainable energy sources. Notably, simple and direct applications can no longer meet the demand for functionalization, high performance of materials and construction materials. Therefore, it is imperative to modify biomass and combine its utilisation to produce functionalization and high performance materials. For example, construction materials with superior mechanical properties and water resistance can be produced by reinforcing fibres to facilitate crosslinking. Water-oil separation or adsorption effects of hydrogels and aerogels are determined by the porosity and lightness of biomass, biocomposite conductor is prepared by chimaeric conductive material. Here, we review the approaches that have been taken to devise an environmentally friendly yet fully recyclable and sustainable functionalised biocomposites from biomass and its potential directions for future research.展开更多
In August 2023,Japan started to dump its 1.3 million tons of radioactive wastewater into the oceans[1,2].Most radioisotopes are claimed to be removed from the wastewater except tritium,which needs further dilution bef...In August 2023,Japan started to dump its 1.3 million tons of radioactive wastewater into the oceans[1,2].Most radioisotopes are claimed to be removed from the wastewater except tritium,which needs further dilution before discharge.However,this dilution does not effectively remove any tritium from the wastewater but serves as a measure to bring its abnormally high concentration down to meet emission standards.The most worrisome situation is that many more bioaccumulative long-lived radioisotopes(BLLRs),such as carbon-14 and cobalt-60,slip through the treatment process.There are attempts to reduce the concentrations of BLLRs via repurification to meet the regulatory standards[3];however,even low levels of these BLLRs can undergo biomagnification of up to 50,000 folds in marine fish species[4].展开更多
Molecular phylogenies using 1–4 gene regions and information on ecology,morphology and pigment chemistry were used in a partial revision of the agaric family Hygrophoraceae.The phylogenetically supported genera we re...Molecular phylogenies using 1–4 gene regions and information on ecology,morphology and pigment chemistry were used in a partial revision of the agaric family Hygrophoraceae.The phylogenetically supported genera we recognize here in the Hygrophoraceae based on these and previous analyses are:Acantholichen,Ampulloclitocybe,Arrhenia,Cantharellula,Cantharocybe,Chromosera,Chrysomphalina,Cora,Corella,Cuphophyllus,Cyphellostereum,Dictyonema,Eonema,Gliophorus,Haasiella,Humidicutis,Hygroaster,Hygrocybe,Hygrophorus,Lichenomphalia,Neohygrocybe,Porpolomopsis and Pseudoarmillariella.A new genus that is sister to Chromosera is described as Gloioxanthomyces.Revisions were made at the ranks of subfamily,tribe,genus,subgenus,section and subsection.We present three new subfamilies,eight tribes(five new),eight subgenera(one new,one new combination and one stat.nov.),26 sections(five new and three new combinations and two stat.nov.)and 14 subsections(two new,two stat.nov.).Species of Chromosera,Gliophorus,Humidicutis,and Neohygrocybe are often treated within the genus Hygrocybe;we therefore provide valid names in both classification systems.We used a minimalist approach in transferring genera and creating new names and combinations.Consequently,we retain in the Hygrophoraceae the basal cuphophylloid grade comprising the genera Cuphophyllus,Ampulloclitocybe andCantharocybe,despite weak phylogenetic support.We include Aeruginospora and Semiomphalina in Hygrophoraceae based on morphology though molecular data are lacking.The lower hygrophoroid clade is basal to Hygrophoraceae s.s.,comprising the genera Aphroditeola,Macrotyphula,Phyllotopsis,Pleurocybella,Sarcomyxa,Tricholomopsis and Typhula.展开更多
Intelligent chatbots powered by large language models(LLMs)have recently been sweeping the world,with potential for a wide variety of industrial applications.Global frontier technology companies are feverishly partici...Intelligent chatbots powered by large language models(LLMs)have recently been sweeping the world,with potential for a wide variety of industrial applications.Global frontier technology companies are feverishly participating in LLM-powered chatbot design and development,providing several alternatives beyond the famous ChatGPT.However,training,fine-tuning,and updating such intelligent chatbots consume substantial amounts of electricity,resulting in significant carbon emissions.The research and development of all intelligent LLMs and software,hardware manufacturing(e.g.,graphics processing units and supercomputers),related data/operations management,and material recycling supporting chatbot services are associated with carbon emissions to varying extents.Attention should therefore be paid to the entire life-cycle energy and carbon footprints of LLM-powered intelligent chatbots in both the present and future in order to mitigate their climate change impact.In this work,we clarify and highlight the energy consumption and carbon emission implications of eight main phases throughout the life cycle of the development of such intelligent chatbots.Based on a life-cycle and interaction analysis of these phases,we propose a system-level solution with three strategic pathways to optimize the management of this industry and mitigate the related footprints.While anticipating the enormous potential of this advanced technology and its products,we make an appeal for a rethinking of the mitigation pathways and strategies of the life-cycle energy usage and carbon emissions of the LLM-powered intelligent chatbot industry and a reshaping of their energy and environmental implications at this early stage of development.展开更多
New methods in landscape ecology to study the link between landscape heterogeneity and landscape functionality are needed. Heterogeneity is a basic characteristic of landscape, and landscape function is the capacity t...New methods in landscape ecology to study the link between landscape heterogeneity and landscape functionality are needed. Heterogeneity is a basic characteristic of landscape, and landscape function is the capacity to change the structural heterogeneity of a landscape system. In most developed countries the industrialisation of agriculture has in general resulted in a change of agricultural landscapes from a small-grained heterogeneous pattern towards more monotonous and monofunctional landscapes. During the 1990's this trends seems to have changed due to a diversification of rural land use and new trends in urbanisation. Weather these phases of landscape development should be expected in developing countries is a totally open question. Dealing with the study of multifunctionality of landscapes it is proposed to distinguish between ecological functionality of landscape ecosystems, functionality pertaining to land use and social functionality. Further, the relation between function, space and scale is important by the determination of spatial and time segregation as well as spatial and time integration of multifunctionality in landscapes.展开更多
Increasing studies of plastisphere have raised public concern about microplastics(MPs)as vectors for pathogens,especially in aquatic environments.However,the extent to which pathogens affect human health through MPs r...Increasing studies of plastisphere have raised public concern about microplastics(MPs)as vectors for pathogens,especially in aquatic environments.However,the extent to which pathogens affect human health through MPs remains unclear,as controversies persist regarding the distinct pathogen colonization on MPs as well as the transmission routes and infection probability of MP-associated pathogens from water to humans.In this review,we critically discuss whether and how pathogens approach humans via MPs,shedding light on the potential health risks involved.Drawing on cutting-edge multidisciplinary research,we show that some MPs may facilitate the growth and long-range transmission of specific pathogens in aquatic environments,ultimately increasing the risk of infection in humans.We identify MP-and pathogen-rich settings,such as wastewater treatment plants,aquaculture farms,and swimming pools,as possible sites for human exposure to MP-associated pathogens.This review emphasizes the need for further research and targeted interventions to better understand and mitigate the potential health risks associated with MP-mediated pathogen transmission.展开更多
Mangroves are one of the most ecologically sensitive ecosystems to global climate change,which have cascading impacts on soil carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)cycling.Moreover,mangroves are experiencing increasin...Mangroves are one of the most ecologically sensitive ecosystems to global climate change,which have cascading impacts on soil carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)cycling.Moreover,mangroves are experiencing increasing N and P loadings and reduced oxygen availability due to intensified climate change and human activities.However,both direct and interactive effects of these perturbations on microbially mediated soil C,N and P cycling are poorly understood.Here,we simultaneously investigated the effects of N and P loadings and reduced oxygen on microbial biomass,microbial respiration,and extracellular enzyme activities(EEAs)in mangrove soils.We calculated the microbial metabolic quotient(qCO_(2)),which is regarded as a useful inverse metric of microbial C use efficiency(CUE).Our results show that reduced oxygen significantly increases both qCO_(2) and microbial specific EEAs(enzyme activity per unit of microbial biomass)for C-,N-and P-acquisition regardless of N or P loadings.Furthermore,we found that qCO_(2) positively correlated with microbial specific EEAs under reduced oxygen,whereas no clear relationship was detected under ambient oxygen.These results suggest that reduced oxygen increases microbial specific EEAs at the expense of increasing microbial respiration per unit biomass,indicating higher energy cost per unit enzyme production.展开更多
基金Supported by Fonden til Lgevidenskabens Fremme (the AP MΦller Foundation)the Family Erichsen Memorial Foundationthe Foundation of Aase and Ejnar Danielsen
文摘AIM:To use microarray-based miRNA profiling of colonic mucosal biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and controls in order to identify new potential miRNA biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS:Colonic mucosal pinch biopsies from the descending part were obtained endoscopically from patients with active UC or CD, quiescent UC or CD, as well as healthy controls. Total RNA was isolated and miRNA expression assessed using the miRNA microarray Geniom Biochip miRNA Homo sapiens (Febit GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). Data analysis was carried out by principal component analysis and projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis using the SIMCA-P+12 software package (Umetrics, Umea, Sweden). The microarray data were subsequently validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) performed on colonic tissue samples from active UC patients (n = 20), patients with quiescent UC (n = 19), and healthy controls (n = 20). The qPCR results were analyzed with Mann-WhitneyU test.In silico prediction analysis were performed to identify potential miRNA target genes and the predicted miRNA targets were then compared with all UC associated susceptibility genes reported in the literature. RESULTS:The colonic mucosal miRNA transcriptome differs significantly between UC and controls, UC and CD, as well as between UC patients with mucosal inflammation and those without. However, no clear differences in the transcriptome of patients with CD and controls were found. The miRNAs with the strongest differential power were identified (miR-20b, miR-99a, miR-203, miR-26b, and miR-98) and found to be upregulated more than a 10-fold in active UC as compared to quiescent UC, CD, and controls. Two miRNAs, miR-125b-1* and let-7e*, were up-regulated more than 5-fold in quiescent UC compared to active UC, CD, and controls. Four of the seven miRNAs (miR-20b, miR-98, miR-125b-1*, and let-7e*) were validated by qPCR and found to be specifically upregulated in patients with UC. Usingin sili
文摘This review gives first a brief view of the potential availability of sustainable energy.It is clear that over 100 times more solar photovoltaic energy than necessary is readily accessible and that practically available wind alone may deliver sufficient energy supply to the world.Due to the intermittency of these sources,effective and inexpensive energy-conversion and storage technology is needed.Motivation for the possible electrolysis application of reversible solid-oxide cells(RSOCs),including a comparison of power-to-fuel/fuel-to-power to other energy-conversion and storage technologies is presented.RSOC electrochemistry and chemistry of H_(2)O,CO_(2),H_(2),CO,CnHm(hydrocarbons)and NH3,including thermodynamics and cell performance,are described.The mechanical strength of popular cell supports is outlined,and newly found stronger materials are mentioned.Common cell-degradation mechanisms,including the effect of common impurities in gases and materials(such as S and Si),plus the deleterious effects of carbon deposition in the fuel electrode are described followed by explanations of how to avoid or ease the consequences.Visions of how RSOCs powered by sustainable energy may be applied on a large scale for the transportation sector via power-to-fuel technology and for integration with the electrical grid together with seasonal storage are presented.Finally,a brief comparison of RSOCs to other electrolysis cells and an outlook with examples of actions necessary to commercialize RSOC applications are sketched.
基金We thank the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP)and the national programs in the circumpolar countries for their funding and support of this work.We are especially grateful to Simon Wilson,Cynthia de Wit,and the reviewers that read the chapter on PFASs in the original AMAP assessment.We are thankful to the northern communities in circumpolar regions for their cooperation and collection of biological samples that yielded the data reviewed here.DCGM was supported by the King Carl XVI Gustaf Professorship in Environmental Science at the Dept of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry,Stockholm University during 2018-19.
文摘Poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)are important environmental contaminants globally and in the early 2000s they were shown to be ubiquitous contaminants in Arctic wildlife.Previous reviews by Butt et al.and Letcher et al.have covered studies on levels and trends of PFASs in the Arctic that were available to 2009.The purpose of this review is to focus on more recent work,generally published between 2009 and 2018,with emphasis on PFASs of emerging concern such as perfluoroalkyl carboxylates(PFCAs)and short-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonates(PFSAs)and their precursors.Atmospheric measurements over the period 2006e2014 have shown that fluorotelomer alcohols(FTOHs)as well as perfluorobutanoic acid(PFBA)and perfluoroctanoic acid(PFOA)are the most prominent PFASs in the arctic atmosphere,all with increasing concentrations at Alert although PFOA concentrations declined at the Zeppelin Station(Svalbard).Results from ice cores show generally increasing deposition of PFCAs on the Devon Ice cap in the Canadian arctic while declining fluxes were found in a glacier on Svalbard.An extensive dataset exists for long-term trends of long-chain PFCAs that have been reported in Arctic biota with some datasets including archived samples from the 1970s and 1980s.Trends in PFCAs over time vary among the same species across the North American Arctic,East and West Greenland,and Svalbard.Most long term time series show a decline from higher concentrations in the early 2000s.However there have been recent(post 2010)increasing trends of PFCAs in ringed seals in the Canadian Arctic,East Greenland polar bears and in arctic foxes in Svalbard.Annual biological sampling is helping to determine these relatively short term changes.Rising levels of some PFCAs have been explained by continued emissions of long-chain PFCAs and/or their precursors and inflows to the Arctic Ocean,especially from the North Atlantic.While the effectiveness of biological sampling for temporal trends in long-chain PFCAs and PFSAs has been demonstrated,this does not appl
文摘Bioaccumulative and biomagnifying contaminants, such as persistent organic pollutants （POPs） and mercury （Hg）, have for decades been recognized as a health concern in arctic marine biota. In recent years, global climate change （GCC） and related loss of arctic sea ice have been observed to be driving substantial change in arctic ecosystems. This review summarizes findings documenting empirical links between GCC-induced ecological changes and alterations in POP and Hg exposures and pathways in arctic marine ecosystems. Most of the studies have reported changes in POP or Hg concentrations in tissue in relation to GCC-induced changes in species trophic interactions. These studies have typically focused on the role of changes in abun- dance, habitat range or accessibility of prey species, particularly in relation to sea ice changes. Yet, the ecological change that re- suited in contaminant trend changes has often been unclear or assumed. Other studies have successfully used chemical tracers, such as stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios and fatty acid signatures to link such ecological changes to contaminant level variations or trends. Lower sea ice linked-diet changes/variation were associated with higher contaminant levels in some popula- tions of polar bears, ringed seals, and thick-billed murres, but the influence of changing trophic interactions on POP levels and trends varied widely in both magnitude and direction. We suggest that future research in this new area of GCC-linked ecotox- icology should focus on routine analysis of ancillary ecological metrics with POP and Hg studies, simultaneous consideration of the multiple mechanisms by which GCC and contaminant interactions can occur, and targeted research on changing exposures and toxicological effects in species known to be sensitive to both GCC and contaminants [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 617-628, 2015].
基金ØstifterneDanish Society of Nursing Research+4 种基金Lån&Spar BankEuropean Society for Paediatric ResearchCopenhagen University Amager Hvidovre Research CommiteeAarhus UniversitetThe Novo Nordisk Foundation。
文摘Background:Families with an infant in need of intensive care most often experience a harmful separation after birth.This is due to a division of medical specialties into neonatal care and maternal care.Therefore,a couplet care intervention is implemented for mother-infant dyads in a neonatal intensive care unit.This study protocol provides a comprehensive evaluation of the intervention.The aim is to evaluate the effect and implementation of a complex couplet care intervention to promote zero separation between mother and infant.Methods:The couplet care intervention is a family-centered model of care,where treatment-requiring mother-infant dyads will be admitted together and receive couplet care by neonatal nurses.The study adheres to the framework of the Medical Research Council and will use a mixed methods embedded design comprising a quasi-experimental trial and a qualitative process evaluation.Finally,a health economic evaluation will be conducted to assess the cost-effectiveness of this complex couplet care intervention.Discussion:Separation of mother-infant dyads after birth has an adverse impact on family health and well-being.This study protocol evaluates a complex couplet care intervention.With this study,a first step is taken to help bridge the gap between current practices and a new care model to prevent the separation of mothers and their infants.
基金‘One hundred Talent’award and‘Strategic Priority Research Program-Climate Change:Carbon Budget and Relevant Issues’of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA05050601 to S.N.)Terrestrial Carbon Program at the Office of Science+1 种基金US Department of Energy(DE-FG02-006ER64317)U.S.National Science Foundation(NSF)(DEB 0444518,DEB 0743778,DEB 0840964,DBI 0850290,EPS 0919466 to Y.L.).
文摘Aims Recent studies revealed convergent temperature sensitivity of ecosys-tem respiration(Re)within aquatic ecosystems and between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.We do not know yet whether various terres-trial ecosystems have consistent or divergent temperature sensitivity.Here,we synthesized 163 eddy covariance flux sites across the world and examined the global variation of the apparent activation energy(Ea),which characterizes the apparent temperature sensitivity of and its interannual variability(IAV)as well as their controlling factors.Methods We used carbon fluxes and meteorological data across FLUXNET sites to calculate mean annual temperature,tempera-ture range,precipitation,global radiation,potential radiation,gross primary productivity and Re by averaging the daily values over the years in each site.Furthermore,we analyzed the sites with>8 years data to examine the IAV of Ea and calculated the standard deviation of Ea across years at each site to character-ize IAV.Important Findings The results showed a widely global variation of Ea,with significantly lower values in the tropical and subtropical areas than in temperate and boreal areas,and significantly higher values in grasslands and wetlands than that in deciduous broadleaf forests and evergreen for-ests.Globally,spatial variations of Ea were explained by changes in temperature and an index of water availability with differing contribution of each explaining variable among climate zones and biomes.IAV and the corresponding coefficient of variation of Ea decreased with increasing latitude,but increased with radiation and corresponding mean annual temperature.The revealed patterns in the spatial and temporal variations of Ea and its controlling factors indicate divergent temperature sensitivity of Re,which could help to improve our predictive understanding of Re in response to climate change.
基金supported by the Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology (No. cstc2015jcyj BX0115)support of the “111” Project (B16007) by the Ministry of Education and the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of Chinathe National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51471039, 51421001)
文摘The evolution of the microstructure and texture in copper has been studied during repetitive extrusionupsetting（REU） to a total von Mises strain of 4.7 and during subsequent annealing at different temperatures. It is found that the texture is significantly altered by each deformation pass. A duplex 001 ＋ 111 fiber texture with an increased 111 component is observed after each extrusion pass,whereas the 110 fiber component dominates the texture after each upsetting pass. During REU, the microstructure is refined by deformation-induced boundaries. The average cell size after a total strain of 4.7 is measured to be ~0.3 μm. This refined microstructure is unstable at room temperature as is evident from the presence of a small number of recrystallized grains in the deformed matrix. Pronounced recrystallization took place during annealing at 200？C for 1 h with recrystallized grains developing predominantly in high misorientation regions. At 350？C the microstructure is fully recrystallized with an average grain size of only 2.3 μm and a very weak crystallographic texture. This REU-processed and subsequently annealed material is considered to be potentially suitable for using as a material for sputtering targets.
基金support from the National Natural Foundation of Hebei Province,China(Grant No.E2018203312)support of State Key Research and Development Program of MOST of China(2016YFB0700401)support of the 111 Project(B16007)by the Ministry of Education and the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of China
文摘To obtain a good combination of strength and ductility, a laminated composite structure composed of recovered hard lamellae and soft recrystallized lamellae has been produced in a single phase austenitic Fe-34.5 Mn-0.04C steel by cold rolling and partial recrystallization. Enhanced mechanical properties in both strength and ductility have been obtained in the composite structure compared to a fully recrystallized coarse grain structure. A further increase in strength with only minor loss in total elongation has been achieved by a slight cold rolling of the composite structure, which also removes the small yield drop and Luders elongation observed in the composite structure.
基金We acknowledge the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP)and the national programmes in the circumpolar countries for their funding and support of this work.The northern communities in circumpolar regions are acknowledged for their cooperation and collection of biological samples that yielded the data reviewed here.The Danish contribution to this work was supported by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency,under the Cooperation for Environment in the Arctic(DANCEA),grants no.MST-112-191 and MST-113-00082.
文摘Since the ban of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)and hexabromocyclododecane(HBCDD),other flame retardants may be increasingly used.Thirty-one current-use halogenated(HFRs)and 24 organophosphorous flame retardants(PFRs)have been sought in Arctic ecosystems so far.Air measurements provide evidence of long-range atmospheric transport for the majority of these compounds,with much higher concentrations for PFRs than for HFRs.Some HFRs,i.e.bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate(BEH-TEBP),2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate(EH-TBB)and hexabromobenzene(HBBz),had air concentrations comparable to those of PBDEs in some studies.Complementary data for seawater and ice indicate dry deposition of HFRs,while net volatilization from seawater was observed for some PFRs.Studies in the marine environment indicate a wide presence of HFRs in marine biota,but generally at low levels,i.e.typically lower than those of PBDEs.Exceptions exist,namely 2,4,6-tribromophenyl 2,3-dibromopropyl ether(TBP-DBPE)and decabromodiphenyl ethane(DBDPE),which were found in concentrations comparable to PBDEs in some species.The same was the case for 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allyl ether(TBP-AE)in a study from the terrestrial environment.PFRs generally had low concentrations in biota,probably due to metabolic transformation of PFR triesters,as suggested by in vitro studies.Elevated PFR concentrations occurred in some individuals,generally indicating a larger variability of PFRs in biota than found for HFRs.The commercially important tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA)was only detected sporadically,and only in abiotic matrices.
文摘The 19th Asian Games astounded global audiences with an opening spectacle that showcased stunning digital fireworks(International Olympic Committee,2021;Zhe,2023).The groundbreaking display was brought to life through virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)technologies.It sets a pioneering example to replace conventional fireworks in major international events as well as in other large-scale entertainment activities,marking a historic milestone in the pursuit of a sustainable and healthy future.
基金Katrin Vorkamp acknowledges funding from the Danish Environmental Protection AgencyRoland Kallenborn acknowledges funding from the Norwegian University of Life Sciences(NMBU)and the University of the Arctic(UArctic).
文摘This article presents the initiation and implementation of a systematic scientific and political cooperation in the Arctic related to environmental pollution and climate change,with a special focus on the role of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP).The AMAP initiative has coordinated monitoring and assessments of environmental pollution across countries and parameters for the entire Arctic region.Starting from a first scientific assessment in 1998,AMAP's work has been fundamental in recognizing,understanding and addressing environmental and human health issues in the Arctic,including those of persistent organic pollutants(POPs),mercury,radioactivity,oil,acidification and climate change.These scientific results have contributed at local and international levels to define and take measures towards reducing the pollution not only in the Arctic,but of the whole globe,especially the contaminant exposure of indigenous and local communities with a traditional lifestyle.The results related to climate change have documented the rapid changes in the Arctic and the strong feedback between the Arctic and the rest of the world.The lessons learned from the work in the Arctic can be beneficial for other regions where contaminants may accumulate and affect local and indigenous peoples living in a traditional way,e.g.in the Himalayas.Global cooperation is indispensable in reducing the longrange transported pollution in the Arctic.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52071038,51421001)support from the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme(ERC Advanced grant M4D/grant agreement number 788567)for part of the workthe support of the“111 Project”(B16007)by the Ministry of Education and the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of China。
文摘Microstructural evolution of a refractory tantalum-tungsten alloy(Ta-4%W)after cold rolling from small to large von-Mises strains(0.12-2.7)was quantitatively studied using transmission electron microscopy.Grain subdivision was observed to take place at two levels.Geometrically necessary boundaries nearly paralleling to slip planes enclosed volumes further divided by diffuse cells and by remnants of Taylor lattices.With increasing strain,the diffuse cells evolved into clear incidental dislocation boundaries enclosing cells,while the Taylor lattices disappeared.Grain subdivision was thus intermediate between those observed in cell forming and in non-cell forming alloys.Meanwhile,the average misorientation angle across all boundaries increased while the average boundary spacing decreased.Distributions of the microstructural parameters at each strain level were found to exhibit universal scaling laws.The microstructural evolution was found closely linking to the observed high strength and strain hardening of this alloy.Based on measured microstructural parameters,the flow stress was calculated utilizing linearly addition of the strengthening by solutes,incidental dislocation boundaries(Taylor strengthening)and geometrically necessary boundaries(Hall-Petch equation).The relative contribution of each strength mechanism evolved with increasing strain and with microstructural evolution:solutes and friction stress dominated at small strains while boundaries dominated at larger strains.Calculated strengths were in close agreement with experimental tension tests and demonstrated an unexpectedly high and continuous parabolic hardening without transition across this large strain range.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.32201491)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2021M690847)+5 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No.BK20200775)Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (No.21KJB220011)Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (No.2021RC2106)Deputy General Project of Science and Technology of Jiangsu Province (No.FZ20211507)Hunan Province Biomass-based Materials Green and Low-carbon Intelligent Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research centre (No.2022TP2033)Technology centre of Hunan Hongsen Novel Material Technology Co., Ltd. (No.HNJSZX2022290)。
文摘Humans have relied on biomass for survival and development since the Stone Age. All aspects of human needs for materials are covered by tools, fuel, and buildings. Nowadays, metals and petroleum-based materials are widely used in highly developed industries. Unfortunately, environmental contamination and the loss of natural resources have led to the reemergence of biomass resources as efficient and sustainable energy sources. Notably, simple and direct applications can no longer meet the demand for functionalization, high performance of materials and construction materials. Therefore, it is imperative to modify biomass and combine its utilisation to produce functionalization and high performance materials. For example, construction materials with superior mechanical properties and water resistance can be produced by reinforcing fibres to facilitate crosslinking. Water-oil separation or adsorption effects of hydrogels and aerogels are determined by the porosity and lightness of biomass, biocomposite conductor is prepared by chimaeric conductive material. Here, we review the approaches that have been taken to devise an environmentally friendly yet fully recyclable and sustainable functionalised biocomposites from biomass and its potential directions for future research.
文摘In August 2023,Japan started to dump its 1.3 million tons of radioactive wastewater into the oceans[1,2].Most radioisotopes are claimed to be removed from the wastewater except tritium,which needs further dilution before discharge.However,this dilution does not effectively remove any tritium from the wastewater but serves as a measure to bring its abnormally high concentration down to meet emission standards.The most worrisome situation is that many more bioaccumulative long-lived radioisotopes(BLLRs),such as carbon-14 and cobalt-60,slip through the treatment process.There are attempts to reduce the concentrations of BLLRs via repurification to meet the regulatory standards[3];however,even low levels of these BLLRs can undergo biomagnification of up to 50,000 folds in marine fish species[4].
基金This work was not directly supported by grants,but the following grants were essential in obtaining collections and some sequences used in this work:US NSF Biodiversity Surveys and Inventories Program grants to the Research Foundation of the State University of New York,College at Cortland(DEB-9525902 and DEB-0103621),in collaboration with the USDA-Forest Service,Center for Forest Mycology Research,Forest Products Laboratory in Madison supported collecting in Belize,the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico.US NSF grant DBI 6338699 to K.W.Hughes and R.H.Peterson at the University of Tennessee,Knoxville supported collecting by E.Lickey,D.J.Lodge,K.W.Hughes,R.Kerrigan,A.Methven,V.P.Hustedt,P.B.Matheny and R.H.Petersen in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park,and sequencing by K.W.Hughes and Lickey.A National Geographic Society’s Committee for Research and Exploration grant to T.J.Baroni(SUNY Cortland)supported the 2007 expedition to Doyle’s Delight in Belize by M.C.Aime,T.J.Baroni and D.J.Lodge.An Explorer’s Club,Washington Group Exploration and Field Research Grant to M.C.Aime and a National Geographic Society’s Committee for Research and Exploration grant to T.Henkel supported collecting in Guyana.
文摘Molecular phylogenies using 1–4 gene regions and information on ecology,morphology and pigment chemistry were used in a partial revision of the agaric family Hygrophoraceae.The phylogenetically supported genera we recognize here in the Hygrophoraceae based on these and previous analyses are:Acantholichen,Ampulloclitocybe,Arrhenia,Cantharellula,Cantharocybe,Chromosera,Chrysomphalina,Cora,Corella,Cuphophyllus,Cyphellostereum,Dictyonema,Eonema,Gliophorus,Haasiella,Humidicutis,Hygroaster,Hygrocybe,Hygrophorus,Lichenomphalia,Neohygrocybe,Porpolomopsis and Pseudoarmillariella.A new genus that is sister to Chromosera is described as Gloioxanthomyces.Revisions were made at the ranks of subfamily,tribe,genus,subgenus,section and subsection.We present three new subfamilies,eight tribes(five new),eight subgenera(one new,one new combination and one stat.nov.),26 sections(five new and three new combinations and two stat.nov.)and 14 subsections(two new,two stat.nov.).Species of Chromosera,Gliophorus,Humidicutis,and Neohygrocybe are often treated within the genus Hygrocybe;we therefore provide valid names in both classification systems.We used a minimalist approach in transferring genera and creating new names and combinations.Consequently,we retain in the Hygrophoraceae the basal cuphophylloid grade comprising the genera Cuphophyllus,Ampulloclitocybe andCantharocybe,despite weak phylogenetic support.We include Aeruginospora and Semiomphalina in Hygrophoraceae based on morphology though molecular data are lacking.The lower hygrophoroid clade is basal to Hygrophoraceae s.s.,comprising the genera Aphroditeola,Macrotyphula,Phyllotopsis,Pleurocybella,Sarcomyxa,Tricholomopsis and Typhula.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72061127004 and 72104164)the System Science and Enterprise Development Research Center(Xq22B04)+1 种基金financial support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC)Programme(EP/V030515/1)financial support from the Science and Technology Support Project of Guizhou Province([2019]2839).
文摘Intelligent chatbots powered by large language models(LLMs)have recently been sweeping the world,with potential for a wide variety of industrial applications.Global frontier technology companies are feverishly participating in LLM-powered chatbot design and development,providing several alternatives beyond the famous ChatGPT.However,training,fine-tuning,and updating such intelligent chatbots consume substantial amounts of electricity,resulting in significant carbon emissions.The research and development of all intelligent LLMs and software,hardware manufacturing(e.g.,graphics processing units and supercomputers),related data/operations management,and material recycling supporting chatbot services are associated with carbon emissions to varying extents.Attention should therefore be paid to the entire life-cycle energy and carbon footprints of LLM-powered intelligent chatbots in both the present and future in order to mitigate their climate change impact.In this work,we clarify and highlight the energy consumption and carbon emission implications of eight main phases throughout the life cycle of the development of such intelligent chatbots.Based on a life-cycle and interaction analysis of these phases,we propose a system-level solution with three strategic pathways to optimize the management of this industry and mitigate the related footprints.While anticipating the enormous potential of this advanced technology and its products,we make an appeal for a rethinking of the mitigation pathways and strategies of the life-cycle energy usage and carbon emissions of the LLM-powered intelligent chatbot industry and a reshaping of their energy and environmental implications at this early stage of development.
文摘New methods in landscape ecology to study the link between landscape heterogeneity and landscape functionality are needed. Heterogeneity is a basic characteristic of landscape, and landscape function is the capacity to change the structural heterogeneity of a landscape system. In most developed countries the industrialisation of agriculture has in general resulted in a change of agricultural landscapes from a small-grained heterogeneous pattern towards more monotonous and monofunctional landscapes. During the 1990's this trends seems to have changed due to a diversification of rural land use and new trends in urbanisation. Weather these phases of landscape development should be expected in developing countries is a totally open question. Dealing with the study of multifunctionality of landscapes it is proposed to distinguish between ecological functionality of landscape ecosystems, functionality pertaining to land use and social functionality. Further, the relation between function, space and scale is important by the determination of spatial and time segregation as well as spatial and time integration of multifunctionality in landscapes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2032201,52025102).
文摘Increasing studies of plastisphere have raised public concern about microplastics(MPs)as vectors for pathogens,especially in aquatic environments.However,the extent to which pathogens affect human health through MPs remains unclear,as controversies persist regarding the distinct pathogen colonization on MPs as well as the transmission routes and infection probability of MP-associated pathogens from water to humans.In this review,we critically discuss whether and how pathogens approach humans via MPs,shedding light on the potential health risks involved.Drawing on cutting-edge multidisciplinary research,we show that some MPs may facilitate the growth and long-range transmission of specific pathogens in aquatic environments,ultimately increasing the risk of infection in humans.We identify MP-and pathogen-rich settings,such as wastewater treatment plants,aquaculture farms,and swimming pools,as possible sites for human exposure to MP-associated pathogens.This review emphasizes the need for further research and targeted interventions to better understand and mitigate the potential health risks associated with MP-mediated pathogen transmission.
基金funding from EU H2020 Marie SkłodowskaCurie Actions(No.839806)Aarhus Universitets Forskningsfond(AUFF-E-2019-7-1)+3 种基金Danish Independent Research Foundation(1127-00015B)Nordic Committee of Agriculture and Food Researchsupported by Natural Environment Research Council(NERC)EAO Doctoral Training Partnership(NE/L002469/1)supported by a Ramon Areces Foundation research Fellowship and BBSRC Discovery Fellowship(BB/S010661/1).
文摘Mangroves are one of the most ecologically sensitive ecosystems to global climate change,which have cascading impacts on soil carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)cycling.Moreover,mangroves are experiencing increasing N and P loadings and reduced oxygen availability due to intensified climate change and human activities.However,both direct and interactive effects of these perturbations on microbially mediated soil C,N and P cycling are poorly understood.Here,we simultaneously investigated the effects of N and P loadings and reduced oxygen on microbial biomass,microbial respiration,and extracellular enzyme activities(EEAs)in mangrove soils.We calculated the microbial metabolic quotient(qCO_(2)),which is regarded as a useful inverse metric of microbial C use efficiency(CUE).Our results show that reduced oxygen significantly increases both qCO_(2) and microbial specific EEAs(enzyme activity per unit of microbial biomass)for C-,N-and P-acquisition regardless of N or P loadings.Furthermore,we found that qCO_(2) positively correlated with microbial specific EEAs under reduced oxygen,whereas no clear relationship was detected under ambient oxygen.These results suggest that reduced oxygen increases microbial specific EEAs at the expense of increasing microbial respiration per unit biomass,indicating higher energy cost per unit enzyme production.
