Background:Gap models are individual-based models for forests.They simulate dynamic multispecies assemblages over multiple tree-generations and predict forest responses to altered environmental conditions.Their develo...Background:Gap models are individual-based models for forests.They simulate dynamic multispecies assemblages over multiple tree-generations and predict forest responses to altered environmental conditions.Their development emphases designation of the significant biological and ecological processes at appropriate time/space scales.Conceptually,they are with consistent with A.G.Tansley’s original definition of"the ecosystem".Results:An example microscale application inspects feedbacks among terrestrial vegetation change,air-quality changes from the vegetation’s release of volatile organic compounds(VOC),and climate change effects on ecosystem production of VOC’s.Gap models can allocate canopy photosynthate to the individual trees whose leaves form the vertical leaf-area profiles.VOC release depends strongly on leaf physiology by species of these trees.Leaf-level VOC emissions increase with climate-warming.Species composition change lowers the abundance of VOC-emitting taxa.In interactions among ecosystem functions and biosphere/atmosphere exchanges,community composition responses can outweigh physiological responses.This contradicts previous studies that emphasize the warming-induced impacts on leaf function.As a mesoscale example,the changes in climate(warming)on forests including pest-insect dynamics demonstrates changes on the both the tree and the insect populations.This is but one of many cases that involve using a gap model to simulate changes in spatial units typical of sampling plots and scaling these to landscape and regional levels.As this is the typical application scale for gap models,other examples are identified.The insect/climatechange can be scaled to regional consequences by simulating survey plots across a continental or subcontinental zone.Forest inventories at these scales are often conducted using independent survey plots distributed across a region.Model construction that mimics this sample design avoids the difficulties in modelling spatial interactions,but we also discuss simulation at展开更多
This study develops and tests hypotheses about organizational characteristics of the Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)and captures the effects of some recent changes on the operations of the Board in standard...This study develops and tests hypotheses about organizational characteristics of the Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)and captures the effects of some recent changes on the operations of the Board in standard setting.I establish a methodology to quantify the complex work of the FASB through factor analysis and condense various proxies into three meaningful performance metrics:thoroughness,timeliness,and consensus.These performance measures are used as dependent variables in a regression analysis to capture how the work of the FASB varies with respect to funding and voting changes.I find evidence that a change in FASB funding from private donations to mandatory accounting support fees is associated with an improvement in Board consensus but no significant change in thoroughness or timeliness.I also find the change in voting rules from supermajority to simple majority is associated with improvements in timeliness but a decline in thoroughness and consensus.Overall,the results suggest that the work of the FASB is multidimensional and that the improvement of one area may come at the cost of another.展开更多
One of the most important responsibilities of a supply chain manager is to decide “how much” (or “many”) of inventory items to order and how to transport them. This paper presents four mixed-integer linear program...One of the most important responsibilities of a supply chain manager is to decide “how much” (or “many”) of inventory items to order and how to transport them. This paper presents four mixed-integer linear programming models to help supply chain managers make these decisions for multiple products subject to multiple constraints when suppliers offer quantity discounts and shippers offer freight discounts. Each model deals with one of the possible combinations of all-units, incremental quantity discounts, all-weight and incremental freight discounts. The models are based on a piecewise linear approximation of the number of orders function. They allow any number of linear constraints and determine if independent or common (fixed) cycle ordering has a lower total cost. Results of computational experiments on an example problem are also presented.展开更多
Healthcare fraud is an increasingly large problem in the United States for patients, taxpayers, and the government, with the National Healthcare Anti-Fraud Association (NHCAA) estimating the costs to be more than tens...Healthcare fraud is an increasingly large problem in the United States for patients, taxpayers, and the government, with the National Healthcare Anti-Fraud Association (NHCAA) estimating the costs to be more than tens of billions each year (NHCAA, 2018). To address this issue, government agencies and insurers can utilize data analytics to detect and prevent healthcare fraud. The American Senior Communities (ASC) case is a recent example of a complex healthcare fraud scheme committed by several high ranking officers involving kickbacks, fictitious vendors, and money laundering through shell companies. The indictment details how $16 million was stolen is particularly given the population cared for by ASC—the elderly, individuals with disabilities, low income adults, pregnant women and children. This case demonstrates several ways healthcare fraud can be perpetrated, highlights the role of the auditor, and introduces students to the importance of employing data analytics to prevent and detect fraud.展开更多
When compared to spleen or lymph node cells, resident peritoneal cavity cells respond poorly to T-cell activation in vitro. The greater proportional representation of macrophages in this cell source has been shown to ...When compared to spleen or lymph node cells, resident peritoneal cavity cells respond poorly to T-cell activation in vitro. The greater proportional representation of macrophages in this cell source has been shown to actively suppress the T-cell response. Peritoneal macrophages exhibit an immature phenotype （MHC class IIlo, B7lo） that reduces their efficacy as antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, these cells readily express inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）, an enzyme that promotes T-cell tolerance by catabolism of the limiting amino acid arginine. Here, we investigate the ability of exogenous T-cell costimulation to recover the peritoneal T-cell response. We show that CD28 ligation failed to recover the peritoneal T-cell response and actually suppressed responses that had been recovered by inhibiting iNOS. As indicated by cytokine ELISpot and neutralizing monoclonal antibody （mAb） treatment, this ＇cosuppression＇ response was due to CD28 ligation increasing the number of interferon （IFN）-y-secreting cells. Our results illustrate that cellular composition and cytokine milieu influence T-cell costimulation biology.展开更多
This paper illuminates some of the main effects that neoliberalism has on the psychological and socio-economic profile of Americans.It outlines the structural processes that produced the groundwork for today’s enormo...This paper illuminates some of the main effects that neoliberalism has on the psychological and socio-economic profile of Americans.It outlines the structural processes that produced the groundwork for today’s enormous popularity of right-wing extremism in the USA.America’s middle-class has turned right-wing extremist during the Trump years and this trend has continued to dominate American politics today.While populism mobilizes feelings of injustice and grievances,the source and commencement of these grievances is the centerpiece of this article.The paper does so by applying Rodrigo Nunes’(2020a)analysis of the effects of Bolsenarismo in Brazil to the American society.The paper differentiates between the effects of individualism,punitivism,and the valorization of order above the law and shows how these trends have influenced preponderant identity traits of Baby Boomers and Generation X.Secondly,the paper focuses on the concept of“negative solidarity”which is one direct consequence of the worldview produced by successful indoctrination of neoliberal values and goes hand in hand with the consequent pauperization of the American worker.The preponderance of negative solidarity remains a key handicap for a democratic future and for any social mobilization efforts within the USA.展开更多
基金funded by the USA NASA grant NNH16ZDA001N-ESUSPIUSA NASA grant WBS:509496.02.08.09.66+5 种基金USA NASA ABoVE grant NNX17AE44GUSA DoD SERDP grant RC18-1183USA NASA grant(IDS-80NSSC17K0110)USA NSF grant(AGS-1837891)USA NSF-ATMO 1837891USA NSF Hydrologic Sciences grant 1561473。
文摘Background:Gap models are individual-based models for forests.They simulate dynamic multispecies assemblages over multiple tree-generations and predict forest responses to altered environmental conditions.Their development emphases designation of the significant biological and ecological processes at appropriate time/space scales.Conceptually,they are with consistent with A.G.Tansley’s original definition of"the ecosystem".Results:An example microscale application inspects feedbacks among terrestrial vegetation change,air-quality changes from the vegetation’s release of volatile organic compounds(VOC),and climate change effects on ecosystem production of VOC’s.Gap models can allocate canopy photosynthate to the individual trees whose leaves form the vertical leaf-area profiles.VOC release depends strongly on leaf physiology by species of these trees.Leaf-level VOC emissions increase with climate-warming.Species composition change lowers the abundance of VOC-emitting taxa.In interactions among ecosystem functions and biosphere/atmosphere exchanges,community composition responses can outweigh physiological responses.This contradicts previous studies that emphasize the warming-induced impacts on leaf function.As a mesoscale example,the changes in climate(warming)on forests including pest-insect dynamics demonstrates changes on the both the tree and the insect populations.This is but one of many cases that involve using a gap model to simulate changes in spatial units typical of sampling plots and scaling these to landscape and regional levels.As this is the typical application scale for gap models,other examples are identified.The insect/climatechange can be scaled to regional consequences by simulating survey plots across a continental or subcontinental zone.Forest inventories at these scales are often conducted using independent survey plots distributed across a region.Model construction that mimics this sample design avoids the difficulties in modelling spatial interactions,but we also discuss simulation at
文摘This study develops and tests hypotheses about organizational characteristics of the Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)and captures the effects of some recent changes on the operations of the Board in standard setting.I establish a methodology to quantify the complex work of the FASB through factor analysis and condense various proxies into three meaningful performance metrics:thoroughness,timeliness,and consensus.These performance measures are used as dependent variables in a regression analysis to capture how the work of the FASB varies with respect to funding and voting changes.I find evidence that a change in FASB funding from private donations to mandatory accounting support fees is associated with an improvement in Board consensus but no significant change in thoroughness or timeliness.I also find the change in voting rules from supermajority to simple majority is associated with improvements in timeliness but a decline in thoroughness and consensus.Overall,the results suggest that the work of the FASB is multidimensional and that the improvement of one area may come at the cost of another.
文摘One of the most important responsibilities of a supply chain manager is to decide “how much” (or “many”) of inventory items to order and how to transport them. This paper presents four mixed-integer linear programming models to help supply chain managers make these decisions for multiple products subject to multiple constraints when suppliers offer quantity discounts and shippers offer freight discounts. Each model deals with one of the possible combinations of all-units, incremental quantity discounts, all-weight and incremental freight discounts. The models are based on a piecewise linear approximation of the number of orders function. They allow any number of linear constraints and determine if independent or common (fixed) cycle ordering has a lower total cost. Results of computational experiments on an example problem are also presented.
文摘Healthcare fraud is an increasingly large problem in the United States for patients, taxpayers, and the government, with the National Healthcare Anti-Fraud Association (NHCAA) estimating the costs to be more than tens of billions each year (NHCAA, 2018). To address this issue, government agencies and insurers can utilize data analytics to detect and prevent healthcare fraud. The American Senior Communities (ASC) case is a recent example of a complex healthcare fraud scheme committed by several high ranking officers involving kickbacks, fictitious vendors, and money laundering through shell companies. The indictment details how $16 million was stolen is particularly given the population cared for by ASC—the elderly, individuals with disabilities, low income adults, pregnant women and children. This case demonstrates several ways healthcare fraud can be perpetrated, highlights the role of the auditor, and introduces students to the importance of employing data analytics to prevent and detect fraud.
文摘When compared to spleen or lymph node cells, resident peritoneal cavity cells respond poorly to T-cell activation in vitro. The greater proportional representation of macrophages in this cell source has been shown to actively suppress the T-cell response. Peritoneal macrophages exhibit an immature phenotype （MHC class IIlo, B7lo） that reduces their efficacy as antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, these cells readily express inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）, an enzyme that promotes T-cell tolerance by catabolism of the limiting amino acid arginine. Here, we investigate the ability of exogenous T-cell costimulation to recover the peritoneal T-cell response. We show that CD28 ligation failed to recover the peritoneal T-cell response and actually suppressed responses that had been recovered by inhibiting iNOS. As indicated by cytokine ELISpot and neutralizing monoclonal antibody （mAb） treatment, this ＇cosuppression＇ response was due to CD28 ligation increasing the number of interferon （IFN）-y-secreting cells. Our results illustrate that cellular composition and cytokine milieu influence T-cell costimulation biology.
文摘This paper illuminates some of the main effects that neoliberalism has on the psychological and socio-economic profile of Americans.It outlines the structural processes that produced the groundwork for today’s enormous popularity of right-wing extremism in the USA.America’s middle-class has turned right-wing extremist during the Trump years and this trend has continued to dominate American politics today.While populism mobilizes feelings of injustice and grievances,the source and commencement of these grievances is the centerpiece of this article.The paper does so by applying Rodrigo Nunes’(2020a)analysis of the effects of Bolsenarismo in Brazil to the American society.The paper differentiates between the effects of individualism,punitivism,and the valorization of order above the law and shows how these trends have influenced preponderant identity traits of Baby Boomers and Generation X.Secondly,the paper focuses on the concept of“negative solidarity”which is one direct consequence of the worldview produced by successful indoctrination of neoliberal values and goes hand in hand with the consequent pauperization of the American worker.The preponderance of negative solidarity remains a key handicap for a democratic future and for any social mobilization efforts within the USA.
