LDPE had no effect on the mortality,growth,and reproduction of earthworms.LDPE did not alter the mortality,growth,and reproduction of earth-worm caused by Cd.LDPE alleviated histopathological damage to earthworms caus...LDPE had no effect on the mortality,growth,and reproduction of earthworms.LDPE did not alter the mortality,growth,and reproduction of earth-worm caused by Cd.LDPE alleviated histopathological damage to earthworms caused by Cd.LDPE alleviated DNA damage in earthworm coelomocytes caused by Cd.LDPE did not affect the accumulation of Cd in earthworms.Cadmium(Cd)can accumulate in the food chain,with serious impacts on human health and safety.Microplastics(MPs)such as low-density polyethylene(LDPE)should be considered not only as a single pollutant but also as a carrier of other pollutants.In this study,we investigated the joint effects of 30%LDPE and 313 mg kg-1 Cd on mortality,growth,reproduction,microstructure,DNA damage,oxidative stress,and mRNA levels in the earthworm Eisenia fetida.We found that 313 mg kg-1 Cd inhibited growth and reproduction and damaged the microstructures of the skin and intestine.Meanwhile,LDPE had no effect on the mortality,growth,or cocoon production of earthworms.Moreover,it did not increase the mortality,growth,or inhibition of cocoon production caused by Cd and instead alleviated the DNA damage in coelomocytes caused by Cd treatment.Finally,it did not alter the accumulation of Cd in the worms.These indicators can be used for toxicity safety assessment and soil ecological risk assessment of LDPE and Cd cooccurrence in soil.展开更多
Aluminum alloy tubes were prepared by tube spinning.The intergranular and electrochemical corrosion tests were used to investigate the intergranular corrosion behavior of the 5A06 aluminum alloy blank sample and the s...Aluminum alloy tubes were prepared by tube spinning.The intergranular and electrochemical corrosion tests were used to investigate the intergranular corrosion behavior of the 5A06 aluminum alloy blank sample and the spinning sample.Results showed that the intergranular corrosion resistance of the spinning sample was higher than that of the blank sample.In addition,the electrochemical corrosion resistance of the spinning sample was higher than that of the blank sample.The EDS maps indicated a uniform element distribution pattern of aluminum and magnesium.Moreover,the phase composition and lattice constant of the samples were obtained by XRD analysis.The differences in microstructure between the aluminum alloy subjected to the spinning process and the untreated aluminum alloy were determined by EBSD.The differences were mainly attributed to the complex interactions among grain size,dislocations and grain boundaries.展开更多
With increasing production of kitchen waste,cooking oil gradually enters the soil,where it can negatively affect soil fauna.In this study,we explored the effects of soybean oil on the survival,growth,reproduction,tiss...With increasing production of kitchen waste,cooking oil gradually enters the soil,where it can negatively affect soil fauna.In this study,we explored the effects of soybean oil on the survival,growth,reproduction,tissue structure,biochemical responses,mRNA expression,and gut microbiome of earthworms(Eisenia fetida).The median lethal concentration of soybean oil was found to be 15.59%.Earthworm growth and reproduction were significantly inhibited following exposure to a sublethal concentration of soybean oil(1/3 LC50,5.2%).The activity of the antioxidant enzymes total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD),peroxidase(POD),and catalase(CAT)were affected under soybean oil exposure.The glutathione(GSH)content decreased significantly,whereas that of the lipid peroxide malondialdehyde(MDA)increased significantly after soybean oil exposure.mRNA expression levels of the SOD,metallothionein(MT),lysenin and lysozyme were significantly upregulated.The abundance of Bacteroides species,which are related to mineral oil repair,and Muribaculaceae species,which are related to immune regulation,increased within the earthworm intestine.These results indicate that soybean oil waste is toxic to earthworms.Thus,earthworms deployed defense mechanisms involving antioxidant system and gut microbiota for protection against soybean oil exposure-induced stress.展开更多
The purpose of this paper was to study the effects of different C/N ratios on the maturity and microbial quantity of com-posting with sesame meal and rice straw biochar.Rice straw was calcined into biochar as raw mate...The purpose of this paper was to study the effects of different C/N ratios on the maturity and microbial quantity of com-posting with sesame meal and rice straw biochar.Rice straw was calcined into biochar as raw materials composting with sesame meal for 30 days,referring to Chenfu Agricultural Book in Sōuthern Song Dynasty(1127-1279 A.D.).Sesame meal was used to adjust the C/N ratio of compost,and three treatments were designed in the experiment,which were C/N ratios of 15,20 and 30,respectively.The results showed that C/N ratio of 20 was beneficial for promoting the temperature rise,the removal of water,the degradation of organic carbon,and the decrease of microbial quantity.The C/N ratio of 20 was beneficial to the compost maturity(T value was 0.47,final GI was 99.67%).The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that C/N ratio was positively correlated with moisture content,total organic carbon and negatively correlated with germination index,indicating that high C/N ratio was beneficial to water removal and total organic carbon degradation.Therefore,we suggest that the suitable C/N ratio of rice straw biochar and sesame meal is 20.At the same time,we have proved that the composting method in Southern Song Dynasty is feasible,which is of great significance to understand the development of composting in China.展开更多
The move from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles is happening rapidly,which demands a stepwise change in priorities for the vehicle design process with rational consideration of emerging technolo...The move from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles is happening rapidly,which demands a stepwise change in priorities for the vehicle design process with rational consideration of emerging technologies.This paper focuses on the efficiency of a particular form of high fixed-ratio(15:1)traction drive speed reducer.This is suitable for use in conjunction with a high-speed electric motor for automotive applications.A general discussion of the characteristics of other fixed-ratio traction drives is provided followed by an analysis of underlying efficiency issues.The paper presents details of the speed reducer prototype called a"Silk Drive"and the vehicle for which it was designed.Data from laboratory testing of the prototype are presented,and an efficiency map for the transmission is developed.The efficiency map and vehicle parameters are used in a simulation to determine the overall transmission efficiency for the world harmonized light vehicles test cycles(WLTC)class 3b drive cycle.The importance of transmission efficiency at low power levels,in specific input speed and torque regions,is demonstrated using a novel method for identifying those speed torque regions that most strongly affect overall efficiency.The method applies to all drivetrain components and pinpoints those regions that need to be the focus in the optimal design of such components.This paper presents evidence that the efficiency of zero-spin,fixed-ratio traction drives is similar to that of conventional gear drives.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31172091)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC0507204)The 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University.
文摘LDPE had no effect on the mortality,growth,and reproduction of earthworms.LDPE did not alter the mortality,growth,and reproduction of earth-worm caused by Cd.LDPE alleviated histopathological damage to earthworms caused by Cd.LDPE alleviated DNA damage in earthworm coelomocytes caused by Cd.LDPE did not affect the accumulation of Cd in earthworms.Cadmium(Cd)can accumulate in the food chain,with serious impacts on human health and safety.Microplastics(MPs)such as low-density polyethylene(LDPE)should be considered not only as a single pollutant but also as a carrier of other pollutants.In this study,we investigated the joint effects of 30%LDPE and 313 mg kg-1 Cd on mortality,growth,reproduction,microstructure,DNA damage,oxidative stress,and mRNA levels in the earthworm Eisenia fetida.We found that 313 mg kg-1 Cd inhibited growth and reproduction and damaged the microstructures of the skin and intestine.Meanwhile,LDPE had no effect on the mortality,growth,or cocoon production of earthworms.Moreover,it did not increase the mortality,growth,or inhibition of cocoon production caused by Cd and instead alleviated the DNA damage in coelomocytes caused by Cd treatment.Finally,it did not alter the accumulation of Cd in the worms.These indicators can be used for toxicity safety assessment and soil ecological risk assessment of LDPE and Cd cooccurrence in soil.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51802189)the Shanghai Lingang Innovation Program(No.SH-LG-GK-2020-28)。
文摘Aluminum alloy tubes were prepared by tube spinning.The intergranular and electrochemical corrosion tests were used to investigate the intergranular corrosion behavior of the 5A06 aluminum alloy blank sample and the spinning sample.Results showed that the intergranular corrosion resistance of the spinning sample was higher than that of the blank sample.In addition,the electrochemical corrosion resistance of the spinning sample was higher than that of the blank sample.The EDS maps indicated a uniform element distribution pattern of aluminum and magnesium.Moreover,the phase composition and lattice constant of the samples were obtained by XRD analysis.The differences in microstructure between the aluminum alloy subjected to the spinning process and the untreated aluminum alloy were determined by EBSD.The differences were mainly attributed to the complex interactions among grain size,dislocations and grain boundaries.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2018YFC0507204)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural Universitythe Organic Recycling Research Institute (Suzhou)of China Agricultural University
文摘With increasing production of kitchen waste,cooking oil gradually enters the soil,where it can negatively affect soil fauna.In this study,we explored the effects of soybean oil on the survival,growth,reproduction,tissue structure,biochemical responses,mRNA expression,and gut microbiome of earthworms(Eisenia fetida).The median lethal concentration of soybean oil was found to be 15.59%.Earthworm growth and reproduction were significantly inhibited following exposure to a sublethal concentration of soybean oil(1/3 LC50,5.2%).The activity of the antioxidant enzymes total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD),peroxidase(POD),and catalase(CAT)were affected under soybean oil exposure.The glutathione(GSH)content decreased significantly,whereas that of the lipid peroxide malondialdehyde(MDA)increased significantly after soybean oil exposure.mRNA expression levels of the SOD,metallothionein(MT),lysenin and lysozyme were significantly upregulated.The abundance of Bacteroides species,which are related to mineral oil repair,and Muribaculaceae species,which are related to immune regulation,increased within the earthworm intestine.These results indicate that soybean oil waste is toxic to earthworms.Thus,earthworms deployed defense mechanisms involving antioxidant system and gut microbiota for protection against soybean oil exposure-induced stress.
基金The project was financially supported by the National key research and development plan“The technology of agricultural waste composting and the research of integrated equipment for composting”(2016YFD0800600).
文摘The purpose of this paper was to study the effects of different C/N ratios on the maturity and microbial quantity of com-posting with sesame meal and rice straw biochar.Rice straw was calcined into biochar as raw materials composting with sesame meal for 30 days,referring to Chenfu Agricultural Book in Sōuthern Song Dynasty(1127-1279 A.D.).Sesame meal was used to adjust the C/N ratio of compost,and three treatments were designed in the experiment,which were C/N ratios of 15,20 and 30,respectively.The results showed that C/N ratio of 20 was beneficial for promoting the temperature rise,the removal of water,the degradation of organic carbon,and the decrease of microbial quantity.The C/N ratio of 20 was beneficial to the compost maturity(T value was 0.47,final GI was 99.67%).The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that C/N ratio was positively correlated with moisture content,total organic carbon and negatively correlated with germination index,indicating that high C/N ratio was beneficial to water removal and total organic carbon degradation.Therefore,we suggest that the suitable C/N ratio of rice straw biochar and sesame meal is 20.At the same time,we have proved that the composting method in Southern Song Dynasty is feasible,which is of great significance to understand the development of composting in China.
文摘The move from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles is happening rapidly,which demands a stepwise change in priorities for the vehicle design process with rational consideration of emerging technologies.This paper focuses on the efficiency of a particular form of high fixed-ratio(15:1)traction drive speed reducer.This is suitable for use in conjunction with a high-speed electric motor for automotive applications.A general discussion of the characteristics of other fixed-ratio traction drives is provided followed by an analysis of underlying efficiency issues.The paper presents details of the speed reducer prototype called a"Silk Drive"and the vehicle for which it was designed.Data from laboratory testing of the prototype are presented,and an efficiency map for the transmission is developed.The efficiency map and vehicle parameters are used in a simulation to determine the overall transmission efficiency for the world harmonized light vehicles test cycles(WLTC)class 3b drive cycle.The importance of transmission efficiency at low power levels,in specific input speed and torque regions,is demonstrated using a novel method for identifying those speed torque regions that most strongly affect overall efficiency.The method applies to all drivetrain components and pinpoints those regions that need to be the focus in the optimal design of such components.This paper presents evidence that the efficiency of zero-spin,fixed-ratio traction drives is similar to that of conventional gear drives.
